ArticleBMC infectious diseases2014
Timing, rates, and causes of death in a large South African tuberculosis programme.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Factors associated with severity of pulmonary tuberculosis in people living with and without HIV: a systematic review.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of risk factors for mortality among tuberculosis patients in South Africa.Systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Cost-effectiveness of community tuberculosis screening in South Africa.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2026Article
- Potential long-acting tuberculosis treatment for people with HIV: cost-effectiveness benchmarks.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2026Article
- Screening for Severe Illness at Diagnosis Has the Potential to Prevent Early TB Deaths: Programmatic Experience From Karnataka, India.Global health, science and practice · 2022Article
- Mortality and associated factors among adult patients on tuberculosis treatment in Tanzania: A retrospective cohort study.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2021Article
- The effect of empirical and laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis on treatment outcomes.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Screening People with Tuberculosis for High Risk of Severe Illness at Notification: Programmatic Experience from Karnataka, India.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2021Article
- Tuberculosis deaths are predictable and preventable: Comprehensive assessment and clinical care is the key.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2020Article
- Treatment outcomes and factors associated with mortality among individuals with both TB and HIV in the antiretroviral era in Thailand.Journal of virus eradication · 2019Article
- Time delay and associated mortality from negative smear to positive Xpert MTB/RIF test among TB/HIV patients: a retrospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Precarious transition: a mortality study of South African ex-miners.BMC public health · 2018Article
- Mortality of patients hospitalized for active tuberculosis in King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Saudi medical journal · 2018Article
- Article
- Mortality in patients with HIV-1 and tuberculosis co-infection in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - associated factors and causes of death.BMC infectious diseases · 2017Observational
- High mortality among tuberculosis patients on treatment in Nigeria: a retrospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Insights into mortality patterns and causes of death through a process point of view model.Biogerontology · 2017Review
- Reduction of HIV-associated excess mortality by antiretroviral treatment among tuberculosis patients in Kenya.PloS one · 2017Article
- High mortality in tuberculosis patients despite HIV interventions in Swaziland.Public health action · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTuberculosis (TB) mortality remains high across sub-Saharan Africa despite integration of TB and HIV/ART programmes. To inform programme design and service delivery, we estimated mortality by time from starting TB treatment.
methodsRoutinely collected data on TB treatment, vital status, and the timing and causes of death, were linked to cardio-respiratory autopsy data, from 1995-2008, from a cohort of male platinum miners in South Africa. Records were expanded into person-months at risk (pm).
results4162 TB episodes were registered; 3170 men were treated for the first time and 833 men underwent retreatment. Overall, 509 men died, with a case fatality of 12.2% and mortality rate of 2.0/100 pm. Mortality was highest in the first month after starting TB treatment for first (2.3/100 pm) and retreatment episodes (4.8/100 pm). When stratified by HIV status, case fatality was higher in HIV positive men not on ART (first episode 14.0%; retreatment episode 26.2%) and those on ART (12.0%; 22.0%) than men of negative or unknown HIV status (2.6%; 3.6%). Mortality was also highest in the first month for each of these groups. Mortality risk factors included older age, previous TB, HIV, pulmonary TB, and diagnostic uncertainty. The proportion of deaths attributable to TB was consistently overestimated in clinical records versus cardio-respiratory autopsy.
conclusionsProgramme mortality was highest in those with HIV and during the first month of TB treatment in all groups, and many deaths were not caused by TB. Resource allocation should prioritise TB prevention and accurate earlier diagnosis, recognise the role of HIV, and ensure effective clinical care in the early stages of TB treatment.
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