ArticleBone2015
Parity, lactation, bone strength, and 16-year fracture risk in adult women: findings from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).
Article in Bone, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Parity, age at first birth, breastfeeding, and risk of major osteoporotic fractures in middle-aged women. The HUNT study.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2026Article
- The association of infertility, miscarriage, stillbirth, and parity with osteoporosis: a pooled analysis of five cohort studies.Fertility and sterility · 2026Article
- Pregnancy- and lactation-related bone fragility: The hidden risk.Joint diseases and related surgery · 2025Review
- Effective strategies for pregnancy and lactation-associated osteoporosis: teriparatide use in focus.Endocrine · 2024Review
- Early menopause and weight loss are significant factors associated with risk of future fracture in middle-aged women.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2022Article
- Bone Mineral Density Changes Associated With Pregnancy, Lactation, and Medical Treatments in Premenopausal Women and Effects Later in Life.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2021Review
- Association of Female Reproductive Factors With Incidence of Fracture Among Postmenopausal Women in Korea.JAMA network open · 2021Article
- Association between body composite indices and vertebral fractures in pre and postmenopausal women in Korea.PloS one · 2021Article
- Bone Health During the Menopause Transition and Beyond.Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America · 2018Review
- Reproduction Differentially Affects Trabecular Bone Depending on Its Mechanical Versus Metabolic Role.Journal of biomechanical engineering · 2017Article
- Factors Associated with Bone Health in Malaysian Middle-Aged and Elderly Women Assessed via Quantitative Ultrasound.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Article
- Associations of Parity, Breastfeeding, and Fractures in the Women's Health Observational Study.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2017Observational
- Adaptations in the Microarchitecture and Load Distribution of Maternal Cortical and Trabecular Bone in Response to Multiple Reproductive Cycles in Rats.Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 2017Article
- Association between prolonged breastfeeding and bone mineral density and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: KNHANES 2010-2011.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2016Article
- Role of Alternate Therapies to Improve the Quality of Life in Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review.Journal of mid-life healthReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Our objective was to examine the associations of lifetime parity and accumulated length of lactation with bone strength in women prior to the menopause transition and fracture risk during and after the transition. Participants were 2239 pre- or early peri-menopausal women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), ages 42-53 years at baseline, who had no childbirths after age 42. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the femoral neck and the lumbar spine at the baseline SWAN visit using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and the composite indices of femoral neck strength relative to load (in three failure modes: compression, bending, and impact) were calculated from femoral neck BMD, femoral neck size, and body size. Data on fractures after age 42 were collected for a median follow-up of 15.7 years (interquartile range, 11.4-18.5 years). In multiple linear regressions adjusted for covariates, lifetime parity was associated positively with femoral neck strength relative to load (0.024 standard deviation (SD) increment in impact strength index per childbirth, p=0.049), but accumulated length of lactation was associated negatively with lumbar spine BMD (0.018 SD decrement per every additional 6 months of lactation, p=0.040). In Cox proportional hazards regressions adjusted for covariates, neither parity nor lactation was associated with fracture hazard after age 42. In conclusion, parity and lactation have little impact on peak bone strength prior to menopause, and do not affect fracture risk after age 42 over 16-year follow-up.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.