ArticleThe international journal of neuropsychopharmacology2014
Toll-like receptor expression in the blood and brain of patients and a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.
Article in The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 151 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics onInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2019Pooled it
- Profiling peripheral immune cells in Parkinson's disease: A scoping review.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- Progress of Immunotherapies in Parkinson's Disease.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Review
- Plant-derived soft electrophiles upregulate pro-resolving oxylipins in a paraquat-inducedbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- SDF2L1 modulates oxLDL-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein aggregation, and O-mannosylation in myocardial infarction and lung cancer.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Article
- Synergistic Effects of Plant Polysaccharides and Probiotics: A Novel Dietary Approach for Parkinson's Disease Intervention.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Redirecting microglia phenotype via inhibition of NFAT1 ameliorates deficits in mouse model of synucleinopathies.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Role of Cellular Senescence in Parkinson's Disease: Potential for Disease-Modification Through Senotherapy.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Current trends and future prospects of N-acetylcysteine utilizations in Parkinson's disease: A literature network analysis.Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · 2025Review
- The microbiota-gut-brain axis: a potential target in the small-molecule compounds and gene therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Review
- Role of toll-like receptors in post-COVID-19 associated neurodegenerative disorders?Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Sulfate reducing bacteria induce α-synuclein in intestinal and neuronal cells and tissues and inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase in neuronal cells.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Virus-induced brain pathology and the neuroinflammation-inflammation continuum: the neurochemists view.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2024Review
- The immune system in Parkinson's disease: what we know so far.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2024Review
- Neuroactive Steroids, Toll-like Receptors, and Neuroimmune Regulation: Insights into Their Impact on Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Lysosomal storage, impaired autophagy and innate immunity in Gaucher and Parkinson's diseases: insights for drug discovery.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024Review
- Single cell analysis reveals the roles and regulatory mechanisms of type-I interferons in Parkinson's disease.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Article
- The Impact of Intestinal Microbiota and Toll-like Receptor 2 Signaling on α-Synuclein Pathology in Nontransgenic Mice Injected with α-Synuclein Preformed Fibrils.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Extracellular mixed histones are neurotoxic and modulate select neuroimmune responses of glial cells.PloS one · 2024Article
- Trends and hotspots on the relationship between gut microbiota and Parkinson's Disease: a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAccumulating evidence supports a role for the immune system in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Importantly, recent preclinical studies are now suggesting a specific contribution of inflammation to the α-synuclein-induced pathology seen in this condition.
methodsWe used flow cytometry and western blots to detect toll-like receptor 2 and 4 expression in blood and brain samples of Parkinson's disease patients and mice overexpressing human α-synuclein. To further assess the effects of α-synuclein overexpression on the innate immune system, we performed a longitudinal study using Thy1.2-α-synuclein mice that expressed a bicistronic DNA construct (reporter genes luciferase and green fluorescent protein) under the transcriptional control of the murine toll-like receptor 2 promoter.
resultsHere, we report increases in toll-like receptors 2 and 4 expression in circulating monocytes and of toll-like receptor 4 in B cells and in the caudate/putamen of Parkinson's disease patients. Monthly bioluminescence imaging of Thy1.2-α-synuclein mice showed increasing toll-like receptor 2 expression from 10 months of age, although no change in toll-like receptor 2 and 4 expression was observed in the blood and brain of these mice at 12 months of age. Dexamethasone treatment starting at 5 months of age for 1 month significantly decreased the microglial response in the brain of these mice and promoted functional recovery as observed using a wheel-running activity test.
conclusionOur results show that toll-like receptors 2 and 4 are modulated in the blood and brain of Parkinson's disease patients and that overexpression of α-synuclein leads to a progressive microglial response, the inhibition of which has a beneficial impact on some motor phenotypes of an animal model of α-synucleinopathy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.