Sensitivity of a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) to coherent visual motion in random dot displays.

Motion vision is one of the fundamental properties of the visual system and is involved in numerous tasks. Previous work has shown that harbor seals are able to perceive visual motion. Tying in with this experimental finding, we assessed the sensitivity of harbor seals to visual motion using random dot displays. In these random dot displays, either all or a percentage of the dots plotted in the display area move into one direction which is referred to as percent coherence. Using random dot displays allows determining motion sensitivity free from form or position cues. Moreover, when reducing the lifetime of the dots, the experimental subjects need to rely on the global motion over the display area instead of on local motion events, such as the streaks of single dots. For marine mammals, the interpretation of global motion stimuli seems important in the context of locomotion, orientation and foraging. The first experiment required the seal to detect coherent motion directed upwards in one out of two stimulus displays and psychophysical motion coherence detection thresholds were obtained ranging from 5% to 35% coherence. At the beginning of the second experiment, which was conducted to reduce the differential flickering of the motion stimulus as secondary cue, the seal was directly able to transfer from coherent motion detection to a discrimination of coherent motion direction, leftward versus rightward. The seal performed well even when the duration of the local motion event was extremely short in the last experiment, in which noise was programmed as random position noise. Its coherence threshold was determined at 23% coherence in this experiment. This motion sensitivity compares well to the performance of most species tested so far excluding monkeys, humans and cats. To conclude, harbor seals possess an effective global motion processing system. For seals, the interpretation of global and coherent motion might e. g. play a role in the interpretation of optic flow information or when breaking the camouflage of cryptic prey items.