ArticleBMC complementary and alternative medicine2014
Cytotoxicity effect of degraded and undegraded kappa and iota carrageenan in human intestine and liver cell lines.
Article in BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Selected Food Additives on the Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD).Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Exploring the Pharmacological Potential of Carrageenan Disaccharides as Antitumor Agents: An In Silico Approach.Marine drugs · 2024Article
- Ultrasound Depolymerization and Characterization of Poly- and Oligosaccharides from the Red AlgaMarine drugs · 2024Article
- Rehashing Our Insight of Seaweeds as a Potential Source of Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Pharmaceuticals.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Carrageenans and Their Oligosaccharides from Red SeaweedsInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- A comprehensive review on algal nutraceuticals as prospective therapeutic agent for different diseases.3 Biotech · 2023Review
- κ- and λ-Carrageenans from Marine AlgaMarine drugs · 2022Article
- Preliminary Study of κ-Carrageenan Based Membranes for Anti-Inflammatory Drug Delivery.Polymers · 2022Article
- Food Additives Associated with Gut Microbiota Alterations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Friends or Enemies?Nutrients · 2022Review
- Green Extraction of Carrageenans fromPolymers · 2022Article
- Ultrasound-Assisted Water Extraction ofMarine drugs · 2021Article
- Antitumor Effects of a Sesquiterpene Derivative from Marine Sponge in Human Breast Cancer Cells.Marine drugs · 2021Article
- Polysaccharides-Based Complex Particles' Protective Role on the Stability and Bioactivity of Immobilized Curcumin.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Marine-Derived Surface Active Agents: Health-Promoting Properties and Blue Biotechnology-Based Applications.Biomolecules · 2020Review
- Disaccharides obtained from carrageenans as potential antitumor agents.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- New Drugs from the Sea: Pro-Apoptotic Activity of Sponges and Algae Derived Compounds.Marine drugs · 2019Review
- Application of Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels as Probiotic Delivery Systems.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
- Re-evaluation of carrageenan (E 407) and processed Eucheuma seaweed (E 407a) as food additives.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2018Article
- Corosolic acid inhibits the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells by inducing apoptosis.Oncology letters · 2016Article
- Carrageenan delays cell cycle progression in human cancer cells in vitro demonstrated by FUCCI imaging.BMC complementary and alternative medicine · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCarrageenan is a linear sulphated polysaccharide extracted from red seaweed of the Rhodophyceae family. It has broad spectrum of applications in biomedical and biopharmaceutical field. In this study, we determined the cytotoxicity of degraded and undegraded carrageenan in human intestine (Caco-2; cancer and FHs 74 Int; normal) and liver (HepG2; cancer and Fa2N-4; normal) cell lines.
methodsFood grade k-carrageenan (FGKC), dried sheet k-carrageenan (DKC), commercial grade k-carrageenan (CGKC), food grade i-carrageenan (FGIC) and commercial grade i-carrageenan (CGIC) were dissolved in hydrochloric acid and water to prepare degraded and undegraded carrageenan, respectively. Carrageenan at the concentration range of 62.5 - 2000.0 μg mL(-1) was used in the study. MTT assay was used to determine the cell viability while the mode of cell death was determined by May-Grunwald Giemsa (MGG) staining, acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) staining, agarose gel electrophoresis and gene expression analysis.
resultsDegraded FGKC, DKC and CGKC showed IC50 in 24, 48 and 72 hours treated Caco-2, FHs 74 Int, HepG2 and Fa2N-4 cell lines as tested by MTT assay. Degraded FGIC and CGIC only showed its toxicity in Fa2N-4 cells. The characteristics of apoptosis were demonstrated in degraded k-carrageenan treated Caco-2, FHs 74 Int, HepG2 and Fa2N-4 cells after MGG staining. When Caco-2 and HepG2 cells were undergone AO/EtBr staining, chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation were clearly seen under the microscope. However, DNA ladder was only found in HepG2 cells after gel electrophoresis analysis. Degraded k-carrageenan also inactivated PCNA, Ki-67 and survivin gene in HepG2. On the other hand, undegraded FGKC, DKC, CGKC, FGIC and CGIC treated cells showed no cytotoxic effect after analyzed by the same analyses as in degraded carrageenan.
conclusionDegraded k-carrageenan inhibited cell proliferation in Caco-2, FHs 74 Int, HepG2 and Fa2N-4 cell lines and the anti-proliferative effect was related to apoptosis together with inactivation of cell proliferating genes as determined by morphological observation and molecular analysis. However, no cytotoxic effect was found in undegraded carrageenan towards normal and cancer intestine and liver cell lines.
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