ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2014
Longitudinal change and stability of refractive, keratometric, and internal astigmatism in childhood.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Astigmatism Types Effects on Internal Astigmatism and Compensation in Children: Hong Kong Children Eye Study.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- [Prevalence of Refractive and Corneal Astigmatism in Children Aged 3-14 Years].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2026Article
- Effect of Three Types of Specially-Designed Myopia Control Spectacle Lenses on Astigmatism: A Two-Year Result.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Cylinder power progression associated with axial length in young children: a two-year follow-up study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Article
- Refractive and corneal astigmatism in Chinese 4-15 years old children: prevalence and risk factors.BMC ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Measuring Retinal Thickness and Visual Acuity in Eyes with Different Types of Astigmatism in a Cohort of Hong Kong Chinese Adults.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Longitudinal change in components of astigmatism and its association with axial length-corneal radius ratio in Chinese young children: the Nanjing Eye Study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2022Article
- Influence of Ocular Residual Astigmatism and Target-Induced Astigmatism on the Efficacy of the Implantation of a Toric Implantable Collamer Lens With Central Hole for Myopic Astigmatism Correction.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Article
- Simultaneous Changes in Astigmatism with Noncycloplegia Refraction and Ocular Biometry in Chinese Primary Schoolchildren.Journal of ophthalmology · 2019Article
- Astigmatism in Chinese primary school children: prevalence, change, and effect on myopic shift.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2018Article
- Evaluating internal and ocular residual astigmatism in Chinese myopic children.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2017Article
- Visual Motor and Perceptual Task Performance in Astigmatic Students.Journal of ophthalmology · 2017Article
- Internal Astigmatism in Myopes and Non-myopes: Compensation or Constant?Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2016Observational
- Higher-order aberrations and best-corrected visual acuity in Native American children with a high prevalence of astigmatism.Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus · 2015Article
- Corneal and Ocular Residual Astigmatism in School-Age Children.Journal of current ophthalmologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo assess longitudinal change in refractive, keratometric, and internal astigmatism in a sample of students from a population with a high prevalence of with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism and to determine the optical origins of changes in refractive astigmatism.
methodsA retrospective analysis of longitudinal measurements of right eye refractive and keratometric astigmatism in Tohono O'odham Native American children was conducted. Changes in refractive and keratometric astigmatism per year were compared in a younger cohort (n = 1594, 3 to <11 years old) and an older cohort (n = 648, 11 to <19 years old). Data were analyzed in clinical notation (Cyl) and vector notation (J0, J45).
resultsOn average, refractive astigmatism (means: 1.19 diopters [D] Cyl, +0.54 J0, +0.03 J45) resulted primarily from WTR corneal astigmatism (means: +0.85 J0, -0.02 J45) and against-the-rule (ATR) internal astigmatism (means: -0.31 J0, +0.05 J45). Mean longitudinal changes in astigmatism were statistically significant (younger cohort -0.02 D/y Cyl; older cohort +0.06 D/y Cyl). In the younger cohort, astigmatism decreased with age in low and moderate astigmats (<3.00 D) and increased with age in high astigmats (≥3.00 D). In the older cohort, astigmatism increased with age across all levels of astigmatism. Longitudinal changes in keratometric and internal astigmatism were negatively correlated in both cohorts.
conclusionsCross-sectional data suggest the presence of a constant ATR contribution from internal astigmatism (0.60 D Cyl) that is close to the 0.50 D ATR constant reported by Javal and others. Highly astigmatic 3- to <11-year-old children and children older than age 11 years show a small (not clinically significant) increase in astigmatism with age. A negative correlation between changes in keratometric astigmatism and internal astigmatism suggests an active compensation that may contribute to the stability of astigmatism in Tohono O'odham children.
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