Trial reportSleep2015
Targeted Memory Reactivation during Sleep Depends on Prior Learning.
Trial report in Sleep, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Promoting memory consolidation during sleep: A meta-analysis of targeted memory reactivation.Psychological bulletin · 2020Pooled it
- Sleep reactivation did not boost suppression-induced forgetting.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Brief targeted memory reactivation during the awake state enhances memory stability and benefits the weakest memories.Scientific reports · 2017Trial
- Exposure to broadband noise during non-REM sleep impairs hippocampal sharp-wave ripples and memory consolidation.Current biology : CB · 2026Article
- Concurrent Presentation of Memory-Related Odours and Sounds Nullified Sleep Reactivation Benefits.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Odor-Cued Targeted Reactivation Was Unable to Selectively Benefit Declarative Memories During Sleep.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Resting after learning facilitates memory consolidation and reverses spatial reorientation impairments in female 3xTg-AD mice.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- Long-Term Visual Gist Abstraction Independent of Post-Encoding Sleep.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- The effects of targeted reactivation on memories cued once or multiple times during a nap.Neuropsychologia · 2025Article
- Manipulating memory processing during sleep to explore the critical duration of reactivation events.Neuropsychologia · 2025Article
- Personalized targeted memory reactivation enhances consolidation of challenging memories via slow wave and spindle dynamics.NPJ science of learning · 2025Article
- Both slow wave and rapid eye movement sleep contribute to emotional memory consolidation.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Electrophysiological signatures underlying variability in human memory consolidation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Awake targeted memory reactivation doesn't work.Memory & cognition · 2025Article
- Distributed and gradual microstructure changes are associated with the emergence of behavioural benefit from memory reactivation.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Article
- Aversive memories can be weakened during human sleep via the reactivation of positive interfering memories.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Reactivating cue approached positive personality traits during sleep promotes positive self-referential processing.iScience · 2024Article
- Modulating social learning-induced evaluation updating during human sleep.NPJ science of learning · 2024Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
STUDY
objectivesWhen sounds associated with learning are presented again during slow-wave sleep, targeted memory reactivation (TMR) can produce improvements in subsequent location recall. Here we used TMR to investigate memory consolidation during an afternoon nap as a function of prior learning.
participantsTwenty healthy individuals (8 male, 19-23 y old). MEASUREMENTS AND
resultsParticipants learned to associate each of 50 common objects with a unique screen location. When each object appeared, its characteristic sound was played. After electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes were applied, location recall was assessed for each object, followed by a 90-min interval for sleep. During EEG-verified slow-wave sleep, half of the sounds were quietly presented over white noise. Recall was assessed 3 h after initial learning. A beneficial effect of TMR was found in the form of higher recall accuracy for cued objects compared to uncued objects when pre-sleep accuracy was used as an explanatory variable. An analysis of individual differences revealed that this benefit was greater for participants with higher pre-sleep recall accuracy. In an analysis for individual objects, cueing benefits were apparent as long as initial recall was not highly accurate. Sleep physiology analyses revealed that the cueing benefit correlated with delta power and fast spindle density.
conclusionsThese findings substantiate the use of targeted memory reactivation (TMR) methods for manipulating consolidation during sleep. TMR can selectively strengthen memory storage for object-location associations learned prior to sleep, except for those near-perfectly memorized. Neural measures found in conjunction with TMR-induced strengthening provide additional evidence about mechanisms of sleep consolidation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.