ArticleTobacco control2016
Direct and indirect costs of smoking in Vietnam.
Article in Tobacco control, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed.
- Peer Texting to Promote Quitline Use and Smoking Cessation Among Rural Participants in Vietnam: Randomized Clinical Trial.International journal of public health · 2024Trial
- Impact of a Smoking Cessation Quitline in Vietnam: Evidence Base and Future Directions.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Trial
- Perspectives on addiction-related problems in Vietnam.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Review
- Article
- The economic burden of lung cancer in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Factors Associated With Intention to Quit Among Male Smokers in Vietnam: Results From the Vietnam Population-Based Provincial Global Adult Tobacco Survey in 2022-2023.Tobacco use insights · 2025Article
- Estimating the Direct Medical Costs of Smoking-Attributable Non-communicable Diseases in Northeastern Iran From 2015 to 2023.Tobacco use insights · 2025Article
- Social Costs of Smoking in the Czech Republic.Applied health economics and health policy · 2025Article
- Unlocking the power of tobacco taxation to mitigate the social costs of smoking in Mexico: a microsimulation model.Health policy and planning · 2024Article
- The economic cost of direct smoking in South Korea.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Productivity costs of lifelong smoking-the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 study.European journal of public health · 2024Article
- Short-term effects of air pollutants on hospital admissions for asthma among older adults: a multi-city time series study in Southwest, China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Smoking Cessation, Quit Attempts and Predictive Factors among Vietnamese Adults in 2020.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2023Article
- Article
- Building a House on Sand: How Tobacco Use Is Devouring Resources.Addiction & health · 2023Review
- Concordance assessment through comparison with urine cotinine: Does self-report adequately reflect passive smoking?Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
- Telephone-Based Smoking Cessation Counseling Service: Satisfaction and Outcomes in Vietnamese Smokers.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Economic costs of cigarette smoking among adolescents in Nigeria.Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitswissenschaften = Journal of public health · 2022Article
- Economic cost of smoking and secondhand smoke exposure in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries.Tobacco control · 2021Article
- The impact of cigarette prices on smoking participation and tobacco expenditure in Vietnam.PloS one · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo estimate the direct and indirect costs of active smoking in Vietnam.
methodA prevalence-based disease-specific cost of illness approach was utilised to calculate the costs related to five smoking-related diseases: lung cancer, cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischaemic heart disease and stroke. Data on healthcare came from an original survey, hospital records and official government statistics. Morbidity and mortality due to smoking combined with the average per capita income were used to calculate the indirect costs of smoking by applying the human capital approach. The smoking-attributable fraction was calculated using the adjusted relative risk values from phase II of the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study (CPS-II). Costs were classified as personal, governmental and health insurance costs.
resultsThe total economic cost of smoking in 2011 was estimated at 24 679.9 billion Vietnamese dong (VND), equivalent to US$1173.2 million or approximately 0.97% of the 2011 gross domestic product. The direct costs of inpatient and outpatient care reached 9896.2 billion VND (US$470.4 million) and 2567.2 billion VND (US$122.0 million), respectively. The government's contribution to these costs was 4534.3 billion VND (US$215.5 million), which was equivalent to 5.76% of its 2011 healthcare budget. The indirect costs (productivity loss) due to morbidity and mortality were 2652.9 billion VND (US$126.1 million) and 9563.5 billion VND (US$454.6 million), respectively. These indirect costs represent about 49.5% of the total costs of smoking.
conclusionsTobacco consumption has large negative consequences on the Vietnamese economy.
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