ArticleAmerican journal of obstetrics and gynecology2015
Estimating systemic exposure to ethinyl estradiol from an oral contraceptive.
Article in American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Altered pharmacokinetics of combined oral contraceptives in obesity - multistudy assessment.Contraception · 2019Pooled it
- Validation of 24-hour trough concentration as a proxy for intensive pharmacokinetic measurements for a combined oral contraceptive pill containing desogestrel.Contraception · 2023Trial
- Ethinylestradiol Transfer into Breast Milk of Women Using Low-Dose Combined Hormonal Contraception Is Negligible.Open access journal of contraception · 2025Article
- The hormonal profile in women using combined monophasic oral contraceptive pills varies across the pill cycle: a temporal analysis of serum endogenous and exogenous hormones using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
- Cardiorespiratory response to exercise in endurance-trained premenopausal and postmenopausal females.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Article
- Contraceptive Options Following Gestational Diabetes: Current Perspectives.Open access journal of contraception · 2019Article
- Endogenous thrombin potential changes during the first cycle of oral contraceptive use.Contraception · 2017Article
- Estimating systemic exposure to levonorgestrel from an oral contraceptive.Contraception · 2017Article
- Clotting factor changes during the first cycle of oral contraceptive use.Contraception · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study was conducted to compare single-dose pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol in an oral contraceptive with steady-state values and to assess whether any simpler measures could provide an adequate proxy of the "gold standard" 24-hour steady-state area under the curve (AUC) value. Identification of a simple, less expensive measure of systemic ethinyl estradiol exposure would be useful for larger studies that are designed to assess the relationship between an individual's ethinyl estradiol exposure and side-effects. STUDY
designWe collected 13 samples over 24 hours for pharmacokinetic analysis on days 1 and 21 of the first cycle of a monophasic oral contraceptive that contained 30 μg ethinyl estradiol and 150 μg levonorgestrel in 17 nonobese healthy white women. We also conducted an abbreviated single-dose 9-sample pharmacokinetic analysis after a month washout. Ethinyl estradiol was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We compared results of a full 13-sample steady-state pharmacokinetic analysis with results that had been calculated with the use of fewer samples (9 or 5) and after the single doses. We calculated Pearson correlation coefficients to evaluate the relationships between these estimates of systemic ethinyl estradiol exposure.
resultsThe AUC, maximum, and 24-hour values were similar after the 2 single oral contraceptive doses (AUC; r=0.92). The steady-state 13-sample 24-hour AUC value was correlated highly with the average 9-sample AUC value after the 2 single doses (r=0.81; P=.0002). This correlation remained the same if the number of single-dose samples was reduced to 4, taken at time 1, 2.5, 4, and 24 hours. The 24-hour value at steady-state was correlated highly with the 24-hour steady-state AUC value (r=0.92; P<.0001). The average of the 24-hour values after the 2 single doses was also correlated quite highly with the steady-state AUC value (r=0.72; P=.0026).
conclusionLimited blood sampling, including results from 2 single doses, gave highly correlated estimates of an oral contraceptive user's steady-state ethinyl estradiol exposure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.