ArticleJournal of natural medicines2015
The TLR2 agonist in polysaccharide-K is a structurally distinct lipid which acts synergistically with the protein-bound β-glucan.
Article in Journal of natural medicines, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Sasa veitchii extract on intestinal epithelial cells and gut microbiota.Journal of natural medicines · 2026Article
- Adaptive resilience: agarikon mycelium modulates immune responses and provides oxidative stress buffering in human immune cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Formulation Strategies for Immunomodulatory Natural Products in 3D Tumor Spheroids and Organoids: Current Challenges and Emerging Solutions.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Research Progress on the Isolation, Purification, Structural Characteristics and Biological Activity Mechanism ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- COVID-19 and Cancer Diseases-The Potential ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Research Progress on the Mechanisms of Polysaccharides against Gastric Cancer.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Characterization of aInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Design and Immunological Evaluation of a Hybrid Peptide as a Potent TLR2 Agonist by Structure-Based Virtual Screening.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Article
- TheFrontiers in molecular biosciences · 2021Article
- Review
- Differential Immune Activating, Anti-Inflammatory, and Regenerative Properties of the Aqueous, Ethanol, and Solid Fractions of a Medicinal Mushroom Blend.Journal of inflammation research · 2020Article
- Medicinal mushrooms as an attractive new source of natural compounds for future cancer therapy.Oncotarget · 2018Review
- A Proinflammatory Effect of theMediators of inflammation · 2017Article
- Modulation of Toll-like receptor signaling in innate immunity by natural products.International immunopharmacology · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Protein-bound polysaccharide-K (Krestin; PSK) is a hot-water extract of Trametes versicolor with immune stimulatory activity. It has been used for the past 30 years and has demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy in multiple types of cancer. The ability of PSK to activate dendritic cells and T cells is dependent on its ability to stimulate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), yet it remains unknown which structural component within PSK activates TLR2. The purpose of this study was to identify the TLR2 agonist within PSK and understand its role in the overall mechanism of PSK's immunogenic activity. TLR2 activity was eliminated by treatment with lipoprotein lipase but not by trypsin or lyticase. Rapid centrifugation of PSK can separate the fraction with TLR2 agonist activity from the soluble β-glucan fraction. To study the potential interaction between the β-glucan component and the lipid component, we labeled the soluble β-glucan with fluorescein. Uptake of the labeled β-glucan by J774A macrophages and JAWSII dendritic cells was inhibited by anti-Dectin-1 antibody but not by anti-TLR2 antibody, confirming that Dectin-1 is the receptor for β-glucan. Interestingly, pre-treatment of JAWSII cells with the TLR2-active lipid fraction significantly enhanced the uptake of the soluble β-glucan, indicating the synergy between the TLR2 agonist component and the β-glucan component. Altogether, these results present evidence that PSK has two active components-the well-characterized protein-bound β-glucan and a previously unreported lipid-which work synergistically via the Dectin-1 and TLR2 receptors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.