ArticleStrength and conditioning journal2014
The back squat: A proposed assessment of functional deficits and technical factors that limit performance.
Article in Strength and conditioning journal, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Development and Content of Movement Quality Assessments in Athletic Populations: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine - open · 2025Pooled it
- Associations Between Motor Competence and Physical Activity, Physical Fitness and Psychosocial Characteristics in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Pooled it
- Load-velocity relationships and predicted maximal strength: A systematic review of the validity and reliability of current methods.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Clinical reasoning framework for thoracic spine exercise prescription in sport: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Validity and Reliability of Field-Based Measures for Assessing Movement Skill Competency in Lifelong Physical Activities: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2015Pooled it
- Effects of lower limb joint manipulation on squat strength and ankle range of motion: a sham-controlled double-blind randomised cross-over trial.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Ischemia during rest intervals between sets prevents decreases in fatigue during the explosive squat exercise: a randomized, crossover study.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Artificial intelligence application versus physical therapist for squat evaluation: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- The Acute Impact of External Compression on Back Squat Performance in Competitive Athletes.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Basketball Players Jump and Maximal Strength Performance Improvements After French Contrast Training.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Is Non-dominant Leg a Key Factor for Endurance Performance in Male Youth Soccer Players? Data-Driven Knowledge-Adjusted Causal Analysis and Literature Synthesis.Sports medicine - open · 2026Article
- Effects of Barbell Position and Squat Depth on Trunk and Lower-Extremity Muscle Activation During the Back Squat in Healthy Adult Men.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Intra-Rater and Test-Retest Reliability of Kinovea for the Kinematic Analysis of Squatting in Healthy Active Women.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Differences in hip, knee, and ankle joint moments during squats across load intensities, gender classes, and performance level in elite powerlifters.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Associations Between Anthropometric Characteristics, Self-Reported Musculoskeletal and Visceral Symptoms, and Squat Movement Quality: A Cross-Section Study.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- Load-Velocity Relationship and 1RM Estimation of the Free-Weight Squat in Untrained Early-Adolescent Females.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Evolution of Rate of Force Development (RFD) in the Isometric Deadlift Exercise Among Primary and Secondary Education Students.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Fundamental movement competency is essential for participation in physical activity and for mitigating the risk of injury, which are both key elements of health throughout life. The squat movement pattern is arguably one of the most primal and critical fundamental movements necessary to improve sport performance, to reduce injury risk and to support lifelong physical activity. Based on current evidence, this first (1 of 2) report deconstructs the technical performance of the back squat as a foundation training exercise and presents a novel dynamic screening tool that incorporates identification techniques for functional deficits that limit squat performance and injury resilience. The follow-up report will outline targeted corrective methodology for each of the functional deficits presented in the assessment tool.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.