ArticleClinical & translational immunology2013
IL-21 Modulates Activation of NKT Cells in Patients with Stage IV Malignant Melanoma.
Article in Clinical & translational immunology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00336986 (An Open-label, Dose Escalation Safety and Tolerability Study of Recombinant Human Interleukin-21), which is not on this map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
An Open-label, Dose Escalation Safety and Tolerability Study of Recombinant Human Interleukin-21 (Phase 1) Followed by an Open-label Treatment Study (Phase 2a) in Patients With Stage IV Malignant Melanoma
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Design of a potent interleukin-21 mimic for cancer immunotherapy.Science immunology · 2025Article
- Therapeutic potential of interleukin-21 in cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Complement downregulation promotes an inflammatory signature that renders colorectal cancer susceptible to immunotherapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2022Article
- Overcoming tumor resistance mechanisms in CAR-NK cell therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- New insights into iNKT cells and their roles in liver diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Review
- Two to Tango: Dialogue between Adaptive and Innate Immunity in Type 1 Diabetes.Journal of diabetes research · 2020Review
- Molecular Aspects and Future Perspectives of Cytokine-Based Anti-cancer Immunotherapy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Review
- Variation in IL-21-secreting circulating follicular helper T cells in Kawasaki disease.BMC immunology · 2018Article
- IL-21 Selectively Protects CD62LJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2018Article
- Common gamma chain cytokines in combinatorial immune strategies against cancer.Immunology letters · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a common γ-chain cytokine produced by T helper and natural killer T (NKT) cells. It has been shown to regulate the response of various lymphocyte subsets including NK, NKT, T and B cells. Owing to its potent anti-tumor function in preclinical studies and its ability to induce cytotoxicity and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in NK and CD8 T cells, recombinant IL-21 (rIL-21) was fast-tracked into early-phase clinical trials of patients with various malignancies. In a phase 2a trial of patients with metastatic melanoma, we analyzed the frequency and function of NKT cells in patients receiving rIL-21. NKT cells were present at a low frequency, but their levels were relatively stable in patients administered rIL-21. Unlike our observations in NK and CD8 T cells, rIL-21 appeared to reduce IFN-γ and TNF production by NKT cells, whereas it enhanced IL-4 production. It also modulated the expression of cell surface markers, specifically on CD4(-) NKT cells. In addition, an increase in CD3(+)CD56(+) NKT-like cells was observed over the course of rIL-21 administration. These results highlight that IL-21 is a potent regulator of NKT cell function in vivo.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.