ReviewFrontiers in immunology2014
TH1/TH2 paradigm extended: macrophage polarization as an unappreciated pathogen-driven escape mechanism?
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 179 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
179 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 303 citations in OpenAlex.
- From mechanism to therapy: advances in macrophage polarisation and targeted intervention in osteosarcoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Interplay of autophagy and Th1/Th2-mediated macrophage polarization in host-pathogen dynamics.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Gut permeability and osteoarthritis, towards a mechanistic understanding of the pathogenesis: a systematic review.Annals of medicine · 2021Pooled it
- The relation between the gut microbiome and osteoarthritis: A systematic review of literature.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Fungal Infections in Disorders of Inborn Errors of Immunity.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Histone modification dynamics in brain aging: unlocking therapeutic potential.Cell death & disease · 2026Review
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- Development and validation of a predictive nomogram for early detection of necrotizing pneumonia in children with refractoryFrontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- A Nanomedicine Strategy: Spatiotemporally Programmed Delivery of Engineered Exosomes via Smart Scaffolds for Craniofacial Bone Regeneration.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Total saponins ofJournal of ginseng research · 2025Article
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- Transcriptomic characterization of human pancreatic CD206- and CD206 + macrophages.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Clinical and Pathophysiological Tangles Between Allergy and Autoimmunity: Deconstructing an Old Dichotomic Paradigm.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Foxj2 Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response in Macrophages.Mediators of inflammation · 2025Article
- Methylation and transcriptomic profiling reveals short term and long term regulatory responses in polarized macrophages.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Article
- Leveraging a comprehensive unbiased RNAseq database to characterize human monocyte-derived macrophage gene expression profiles within commonly employed in vitro polarization methods.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Tumor-targeting bacteria as immune stimulants - the future of cancer immunotherapy?Critical reviews in microbiology · 2024Review
- Complex Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Aging: Epigenetic Regulation, Matrix Remodeling, and the Healing Effects of HBiomolecules · 2024Review
119 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The classical view of the Th1/Th2 paradigm posits that the pathogen nature, infectious cycle, and persistence represent key parameters controlling the choice of effector mechanisms operating during an immune response. Thus, efficient Th1 responses are triggered by replicating intracellular pathogens, while Th2 responses would control helminth infection and promote tissue repair during the resolution phase of an infectious event. However, this vision does not account for a growing body of data describing how pathogens exploit the polarization of the host immune response to their own benefit. Recently, the study of macrophages has illustrated a novel aspect of this arm race between pathogens and the immune system, and the central role of macrophages in homeostasis, repair and defense of all tissues is now fully appreciated. Like T lymphocytes, macrophages differentiate into distinct effectors including classically (M1) and alternatively (M2) activated macrophages. Interestingly, in addition to represent immune effectors, M1/M2 cells have been shown to represent potential reservoir cells to a wide range of intracellular pathogens. Subversion of macrophage cell metabolism by microbes appears as a recently uncovered immune escape strategy. Upon infection, several microbial agents have been shown to activate host metabolic pathways leading to the production of nutrients necessary to their long-term persistence in host. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the strategies employed by pathogens to manipulate macrophage differentiation, and in particular their basic cell metabolism, to favor their own growth while avoiding immune control.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.