ReviewSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2015
Neutrophil extracellular traps: a walk on the wild side of exercise immunology.
Review in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed.
- Kinetics of cell-free DNA in response to exogenous and exertional heating in healthy young men.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Trial
- Exercise intensity and training alter the innate immune cell type and chromosomal origins of circulating cell-free DNA in humans.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Trial
- Changes in plasma hydroxyproline and plasma cell-free DNA concentrations after higher- versus lower-intensity eccentric cycling.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Trial
- Cell-free DNA, cytokine, and catecholamine levels did not differ between sexes under a matched body core temperature increase, despite females exhibiting a more rapid increase in rectal temperature.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Intramuscular neutrophil-derived immunometabolic niches locally boost insulin-responsive GLUT4 translocation after muscle contraction.The Journal of physiology · 2026Article
- Successful treatment of cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis with upadacitinib: a Case Report.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Pathogenic Mechanisms, Crosstalk with Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Therapeutic Potential.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Acute and Chronic Effects of a High-Intensity Interval Training Shock Microcycle on Cell-Free DNA: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Sports medicine - open · 2025Article
- Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Responses in Adults and Childhood Cancer Survivors: The Role of NETosis and Low-Grade Inflammation as a Novel Therapeutic Target-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Intensive physical training induces NET release in athletes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Effect of repeated sprint exercise on immunological responses in adult and adolescent athletes at different stages of biological maturation: a-quasi-experimental-trial.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Gut microbiota from voluntary exercised mice protects the intestinal barrier by inhibiting neutrophil extracellular trap formation.iScience · 2025Article
- Impact of moderate environmental heat stress during running exercise on circulating markers of gastrointestinal integrity in endurance athletes.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Response of Circulating Free Cellular DNA to Repeated Exercise in Men with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Effect of a 12-Week Walking Program Monitored by Global Physical Capacity Score (GPCS) on Circulating Cell-Free mtDNA and DNase Activity in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Elevated cfDNA after exercise is derived primarily from mature polymorphonuclear neutrophils, with a minor contribution of cardiomyocytes.Cell reports. Medicine · 2023Article
- Kinetics of Plasma Cell-Free DNA under a Highly Standardized and Controlled Stress Induction.Cells · 2023Article
- Interleukin-4 during post-exercise recovery negatively correlates with the production of phagocyte-generated oxidants.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- The Lactate and the Lactate Dehydrogenase in Inflammatory Diseases and Major Risk Factors in COVID-19 Patients.Inflammation · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intense exercise evokes a rapid and transient increase in circulating cell-free DNA (cf-DNA), a phenomenon that is commonly observed in a variety of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. While the potential value of cf-DNA for the prediction of disease outcome and therapeutic response is well documented, the release mechanisms and biological relevance of cf-DNA have long remained enigmatic. The discovery of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) provided a novel mechanistic explanation for increased cf-DNA levels. Now there is increasing evidence that NETs may contribute to cf-DNA in diverse infectious, non-infectious and autoinflammatory conditions, as well as in response to acute exercise. NETs have now been firmly established as a fundamental immune mechanism used by neutrophils to respond to infection and tissue injury. On the other side, aberrant formation of NETs appears to be a driving force in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and cardiovascular disease. Thus, the emergence of NETs in the 'exercising vasculature' raises important questions considering beneficial effects, as well as occasional adverse effects, of exercise on immune homeostasis. This review gives an overview of the current state of research into the mechanisms of how NETs are released, contribute to host defence and participate in inflammatory disorders. We discuss the impact of exercise-induced NETs, considering a potentially beneficial role in the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases, as well as putative detrimental effects that may arise in elite sports. Finally, we propose that exercise-induced cf-DNA responses could be exploited for diagnostic/prognostic purposes to identify individuals who are at increased risk of cardiovascular events or autoimmunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.