ArticleJAMA ophthalmology2015
Risk factors for developing thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy among individuals with Graves disease.
Article in JAMA ophthalmology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 183 citations in OpenAlex.
- Statins and thyroid eye disease (TED): a systematic review.Endocrine · 2024Pooled it
- Validity of International Classification of Diseases Codes for Identifying Neuro-Ophthalmic Disease in Large Data Sets: A Systematic Review.Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society · 2020Pooled it
- Usefulness of TSH receptor antibodies as biomarkers for Graves' ophthalmopathy: a systematic review.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2018Pooled it
- Subclinical ocular alterations in Graves' disease: The FUMO score, a new tool to predict Graves' orbitopathy progression.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Observational
- Triglycerides as a predictor of activity and severity in thyroid eye disease: a multicentre study.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Change detection in audio-visual space: neural evidence for age effects.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Cytokines and drugs targeting cytokines in Graves' disease and thyroid eye disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Comparison of the 2021 EUGOGO guidelines and the 2022 ATA/ETA consensus statement for the management of Graves' orbitopathy.European thyroid journal · 2025Review
- A Preclinical State of Graves' Ophthalmopathy Characterized by Hypoxia of T-cells Identified via Multiomics Analysis.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Unravelling the pathogenic mechanisms in Graves' orbitopathy.European thyroid journal · 2025Review
- Review
- Predictive demographic and clinical features for the development of dysthyroid optic neuropathy in a multi-ethnic TED population: a retrospective cohort study.Thyroid research · 2025Article
- Analysis of non-cholesterol sterols and fatty acids in patients with graves' orbitopathy: insights into lipid metabolism in relation to the clinical phenotype of disease.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2025Article
- Insight into the metabolic shifts in Graves' hyperthyroidism: a study of acylcarnitine and lipid profiles.European thyroid journal · 2025Article
- Molecular pathway and mechanism responsible for the progress of thyroid-associated orbitopathy.International ophthalmology · 2025Review
- Review
- Statins and Thyroid Eye Disease: A Propensity Score-Matched Retrospective Cohort Analysis.Cureus · 2025Article
- The relationship between cholesterol levels and thyroid eye disease.European thyroid journal · 2025Article
- Simvastatin-Induced Ferroptosis in Orbital Fibroblasts in Graves' Ophthalmopathy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Cross-sectional study of thyroid associated orbitopathy in a South African thyroid clinic.Journal of the colleges of medicine of South Africa · 2025Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
importanceThyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a common and debilitating manifestation of Graves disease (GD). Presently little is known about factors that may increase the risk of developing TAO among patients with GD.
objectiveTo identify risk factors associated with the development of TAO among individuals with newly diagnosed GD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
participantsIn this longitudinal cohort study, all beneficiaries 18 years of age or older with newly diagnosed GD who were continuously enrolled in a large nationwide US managed care network and who visited an eye care professional 1 or more times from 2001 to 2009 were identified. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification billing codes were used to identify those who developed manifestations of TAO. Multivariable Cox regression was used to determine the hazard of developing TAO among persons with newly diagnosed GD, with adjustment for sociodemographic factors, systemic medical conditions, thyrotropin levels, and medical and surgical interventions for management of hyperthyroidism. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Manifestations of TAO measured by hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs.
resultsOf 8404 patients with GD who met the inclusion criteria, 740 (8.8%) developed TAO (mean follow-up, 374 days since initial GD diagnosis). After adjustment for potential confounders, surgical thyroidectomy, alone or in combination with medical therapy, was associated with a 74% decreased hazard for TAO (adjusted HR, 0.26 [95% CI, 0.12-0.51]) compared with radioactive iodine therapy alone. Statin use (for ≥60 days in the past year vs <60 days or nonuse) was associated with a 40% decreased hazard (adjusted HR, 0.60 [CI, 0.37-0.93]). No significant association was found for the use of nonstatin cholesterol-lowering medications or cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors and the development of TAO. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: If prospective studies can confirm our finding that a thyroidectomy and statin use are associated with substantially reduced hazards for TAO among patients with GD, preventive measures for this burdensome manifestation of GD may become a reality.
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