ArticlePloS one2014
Causes of death among people living with AIDS in the pre- and post-HAART Eras in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Inequities in HIV/AIDS mortality in 315 Latin American cities: a population-based cross-sectional analysis.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Fluconazole Resistance and Heteroresistance in Cryptococcus spp.: Mechanisms and Implications.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2025Review
- Handgrip Strength and Clinical Evolution of People Living with HIV: A Mini Narrative Review.Current HIV research · 2024Review
- Analysis of Multiple Causes of Death: A Review of Methods and Practices.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2023Review
- Early clinical and microbiological predictors of outcome in hospitalized patients with cryptococcal meningitis.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Influence of vaccine-preventable diseases and HIV infection on demand for an infectious diseases service in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, over 22 years - Part II (1995-2016).Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2019Article
- Reduction of inflammation and T cell activation after 6 months of cART initiation during acute, but not in early chronic HIV-1 infection.Retrovirology · 2018Article
- NAFLD and HIV: Do Sex, Race, and Ethnicity Explain HIV-Related Risk?Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2018Review
- Causes of death and mortality trends of all individuals reported with HIV/AIDS in Israel, 1985-2010.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2018Article
- Immediate Antiretroviral Therapy Decreases Mortality Among Patients With High CD4 Counts in China: A Nationwide, Retrospective Cohort Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Observational
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Abstract
objectiveWe examine the trend in causes of death among people living with AIDS in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in the periods before and after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and we investigate potential disparities across districts of residence.
methodsDescriptive study of three periods: pre-HAART (1991-1996); early post-HAART (1997-1999); and late post-HAART (2000-2006). The data source was the São Paulo State STD/AIDS Program and São Paulo State Data Analysis Foundation. Causes of death were classified by the ICD-9 (1991-1995) and ICD-10 (1996-2006). We estimated age-adjusted mortality rates for leading underlying causes of death and described underlying and associated causes of death according to sociodemographic characteristics and area of residence. We used Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test to compare categorical variables. Areas of residence were categorized using a socioeconomic index. To analyze trends we apply generalized linear model with Poisson regression.
resultsWe evaluated 32,808 AIDS-related deaths. Between the pre- and late post-HAART periods, the proportion of deaths whose underlying causes were non-AIDS-related diseases increased from 0.2% to 9.6% (p<0.001): from 0.01% to 1.67% (p<0.001) for cardiovascular diseases; 0.01% to 1.62% (p<0.001) for bacterial/unspecified pneumonia; and 0.03% to 1.46% (p<0.001) for non-AIDS-defining cancers. In the late post-HAART period, the most common associated causes of death were bacterial/unspecified pneumonia (35.94%), septicemia (33.46%), cardiovascular diseases (10.11%) and liver diseases (8.0%); and common underlying causes, besides AIDS disease, included non-AIDS-defining cancers in high-income areas, cardiovascular diseases in middle-income areas and assault in low-income areas.
conclusionsThe introduction of HAART has shifted the mortality profile away from AIDS-related conditions, suggesting changes in the pattern of morbidity, but heterogeneously according to area of residence. There is a need for public policies aimed at adapting health care services to address the new scenario.
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