Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25499471›Full record

ReviewBrain stimulation

Safety of noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adolescents.

Chandramouli Krishnan, Luciana Santos, Mark D Peterson, Margaret Ehinger

9 registry-linked trialsOpen access · greenAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Brain stimulation. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 9 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 130 papers, 14 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
130citing papers in PubMed, 14 pooled it
12.7field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03363919 nacompletednot on this map

Glutamatergic and GABAergic Biomarkers in rTMS for Adolescent Depression

TypeinterventionalSponsorMayo ClinicRan2018 to 2023Enrolled47ConditionsMajor Depressive DisorderArmsNeuroStar TMS Therapy® System, NeuroStar XPLOR®
NCT03368469 nawithdrawnnot on this map

A Pilot Study of the Tolerability and Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Children and Adolescents With Epilepsy and Comorbid Depression

TypeinterventionalSponsorMayo ClinicRan2018 to 2019Enrolled0ConditionsDepressive Disorder, Generalized EpilepsyArmstranscranial direct current stimulation
NCT03618849 naterminatednot on this map

Safety and Feasibility of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Pediatric Acquired Brain Injury (tDCS in Pediatric ABI)

TypeinterventionalSponsorHugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Inc.Ran2019 to 2024Enrolled1ConditionsAcquired Brain Injury, Disorders of ConsciousnessArmstDCS
NCT03635775 nacompletednot on this map

Effects of Single-session Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Children With Cerebral Palsy

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of MinnesotaRan2018 to 2020Enrolled20ConditionsCerebral Palsy, Perinatal Stroke, Periventricular LeukomalaciaArmsActive tDCS, Sham tDCS
NCT04242680 naunknown statusnot on this map

Improving Math Deficits in Children With Dyscalculia by tRNS: a Randomized, Double-blind Study

TypeinterventionalSponsorBambino Gesù Hospital and Research InstituteRan2019 to 2024Enrolled102ConditionsDevelopmental DyscalculiaArmsBrainstim DLPFC, Brainstim PPC, Brainstim Sham, Cognitive Training
NCT04490187 naunknown statusnot on this map

tDCS and Motor Learning in Children With DCD

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of British ColumbiaRan2018 to 2021Enrolled14ConditionsDevelopmental Coordination DisorderArmsMotor Learning
NCT04964427 nacompletednot on this map

The Effects of Methylphenidate (MPH) and Non-invasive Brain Stimulation (tDCS) on Inhibitory Control Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

TypeinterventionalSponsorBambino Gesù Hospital and Research InstituteRan2021 to 2022Enrolled26ConditionsAttention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderArmsMethylphenidate, anodal tDCS, sham tDCS
NCT05350033 naunknown statusnot on this map

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Inhibitory Control in Addictions: a Triple-blinded, Sham-controlled Clinical Trial.

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversidad de AlmeriaRan2021 to 2022Enrolled200ConditionsSubstance-Related DisordersArmstDCS - tDCS, tDCS - Sham, Sham - tDCS, Sham - Sham
NCT07364799 narecruitingnot on this map

Effectiveness of the SoundHeal (Heal) Multi-Sensory Integrative Therapy in Enhancing Emotional Regulation Among Justice-Involved Youth and Its Effect on Therapeutic Alliance and Mental Health Outcomes

TypeinterventionalSponsorSoundHealRan2026 to 2026Enrolled12ConditionsEmotional Dysregulation, Therapeutic Alliance, Depression Disorder, Anxiety DisordersArmsMulti-sensory emotional regulation intervention (Heal)
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

130 citing papers in PubMed, 14 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 294 citations in OpenAlex.

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  4. The efficacy of transcranial random noise stimulation in treating tinnitus: a systematic review.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2024
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  15. Safety and feasibility of transcranial direct current stimulation stratified by corticospinal organization in children with hemiparesis.European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society · 2023
    Trial
  16. Left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression in adolescents: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2021
    Trial
  17. Cortical Excitability, Synaptic Plasticity, and Cognition in Benign Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes: A Pilot TMS-EMG-EEG Study.Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society · 2020
    Trial
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70 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Chandramouli KrishnanDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Electronic address: mouli@umich.edu.
Luciana SantosDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Mark D PetersonDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Margaret EhingerDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
University of Michigan · US

Funding

NRI: Wearable eMbots to Induce Recovery of FunctionR01EB019834 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI DURFEE, WILLIAM K, GILLESPIE, RICHARD BRENT · 2014 to 2016
$854k
Secondary Muscle Pathology & Metabolic Dysregulation in Adult with Cerebral PalsyK01HD074706 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI PETERSON, MARK D · 2013 to 2017
$605k
NIBIB NIH HHS R01 EB019834NICHD NIH HHS K01 HD074706
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundNoninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial current stimulation (tCS) have the potential to mitigate a variety of symptoms associated with neurological and psychiatric conditions, including stroke, cerebral palsy, autism, depression, and Tourette syndrome. While the safety of these modalities has been established in adults, there is a paucity of research assessing the safety of NIBS among children.

objectiveTo examine the existing literature regarding the safety of NIBS techniques in children and adolescents with neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders.

methodsAn electronic search was performed on online databases for studies using NIBS in individuals less than 18 years of age. Non-English publications, diagnostic studies, electroconvulsive therapy, single/dual pulse TMS studies, and reviews were excluded. Adverse events reported in the studies were carefully examined and synthesized to understand the safety and tolerability of NIBS among children and adolescents.

resultsThe data from 48 studies involving more than 513 children/adolescents (2.5-17.8 years of age) indicate that the side effects of NIBS were, in general, mild and transient [TMS: headache (11.5%), scalp discomfort (2.5%), twitching (1.2%), mood changes (1.2%), fatigue (0.9%), tinnitus (0.6%); tCS: tingling (11.5%), itching (5.8%), redness (4.7%), scalp discomfort (3.1%)] with relatively few serious adverse events.

conclusionOur findings indicate that both repetitive TMS and tCS are safe modalities in children and adolescents with various neurological conditions, especially when safety guidelines are followed. The incidence of adverse events appears to be similar to that observed in adults; however, further studies with longer treatment and follow-up periods are needed to better understand the benefits and tolerance of long-term use of NIBS in children.

Indexed as

AdolescentAge FactorsBrainChildHumansMental DisordersNervous System DiseasesTranscranial Direct Current StimulationTranscranial Magnetic StimulationGuidelinesSafetytDCSTheta burstTMSTolerability

Identifiers

PMID25499471
PMCPMC4459719
OpenAlexW2055612844

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

and 3 more above

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.