ArticleBrain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)2015
Dynamic Changes of Microglia/Macrophage M1 and M2 Polarization in Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis.
Article in Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
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- Neuroprotective Effects of AER-271 in a tMCAO Mouse Model: Modulation of Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Inflammation.Inflammation · 2025Article
- Mxene-bpV plays a neuroprotective role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by activating the Akt and promoting the M2 microglial polarization signaling pathways.Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine · 2024Article
- Temporal changes of spinal microglia in murine models of neuropathic pain: a scoping review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Contribution of microglia/macrophage to the pathogenesis of TMEV infection in the central nervous system.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Aurantiamide suppresses the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome to improve the cognitive function and central inflammation in mice with Alzheimer's disease.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2023Article
- Interferon-β modulates microglial polarization to ameliorate delayed tPA-exacerbated brain injury in ischemic stroke.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease as an infectious model of progressive multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2022Review
- Macrophage Plasticity and Polarization Are Altered in the Experimental Model of Multiple Sclerosis.Biomolecules · 2021Article
- Article
- Phenotype and function of macrophage polarization in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension rat model.Physiological research · 2021Article
- Microglia-associated neuroinflammation is a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.Neural regeneration research · 2021Article
- Progressive multiple sclerosis: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2019Review
- Impact of Astrocyte Depletion upon Inflammation and Demyelination in a Murine Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
- Heterogeneous macrophages: Supersensors of exogenous inducing factors.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2019Review
- Delayed Astrogliosis Associated with Reduced M1 Microglia Activation in Matrix Metalloproteinase 12 Knockout Mice during Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
- Comparison of Reported Spinal Cord Lesions in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis with Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Induced Demyelinating Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
- Facets of Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Diseases: An Update.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Review
- Cytotoxic CD8Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microglia and macrophages play a central role for demyelination in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis (TME) virus infection, a commonly used infectious model for chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis. In order to determine the dynamic changes of microglia/macrophage polarization in TME, the spinal cord of Swiss Jim Lambert (SJL) mice was investigated by gene expression profiling and immunofluorescence. Virus persistence and demyelinating leukomyelitis were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and histology. Electron microscopy revealed continuous myelin loss together with abortive myelin repair during the late chronic infection phase indicative of incomplete remyelination. A total of 59 genes out of 151 M1- and M2-related genes were differentially expressed in TME virus-infected mice over the study period. The onset of virus-induced demyelination was associated with a dominating M1 polarization, while mounting M2 polarization of macrophages/microglia together with sustained prominent M1-related gene expression was present during the chronic-progressive phase. Molecular results were confirmed by immunofluorescence, showing an increased spinal cord accumulation of CD16/32(+) M1-, arginase-1(+) M2- and Ym1(+) M2-type cells associated with progressive demyelination. The present study provides a comprehensive database of M1-/M2-related gene expression involved in the initiation and progression of demyelination supporting the hypothesis that perpetuating interaction between virus and macrophages/microglia induces a vicious circle with persistent inflammation and impaired myelin repair in TME.
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