ArticlePloS one2014
Contraceptive Use and the Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy: A Multi-Center Case-Control Study.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ectopic Pregnancy with a Normally Located Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System in a Woman with Adenomyosis: Case Report and Literature Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Assessing the risk factors and management outcomes of ectopic pregnancy: A retrospective case-control study.International journal of reproductive biomedicine · 2023Article
- Right abdominal pregnancy with hemorrhagic shock after previous left tubal pregnancy: A case report.SAGE open medical case reports · 2023Article
- Ectopic Pregnancy in a Levonogestrel-Releasing Intrauterine Device User: A Case Report.Cureus · 2021Article
- An Update on Contraception in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2021Article
- Broad ligament pregnancy in the presence of an intrauterine contraceptive device: A case report.International journal of surgery case reports · 2021Article
- Quantifying the Impacts of Pre- and Post-Conception TSH Levels on Birth Outcomes: An Examination of Different Machine Learning Models.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Article
- Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy with an Intrauterine Device: Case Report and Sonographic Considerations.Clinical practice and cases in emergency medicine · 2020Article
- Comments on: "A Systematic Review and Meta‑analysis of the Adverse Effects of Levonorgestrel Emergency Oral Contraceptive".Clinical drug investigation · 2020Article
- Demographic, lifestyle, and reproductive risk factors for ectopic pregnancy.Fertility and sterility · 2018Article
- Levonorgestrel only emergency contraceptive use and risk of ectopic pregnancy in Eldoret Kenya: a case-control study.The Pan African medical journal · 2018Article
- Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy in a population of Cameroonian women: A case-control study.PloS one · 2018Article
- Association between knowledge about levonorgestrel emergency contraception and the risk of ectopic pregnancy following levonorgestrel emergency contraception failure: a comparative survey.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2016Article
- Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a multi-center case-control study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2015Article
- Reduced prevalence of chronic tubal inflammation in tubal pregnancies after levonorgestrel emergency contraception failure.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2015Article
- Association between levonorgestrel emergency contraception and the risk of ectopic pregnancy: a multicenter case-control study.Scientific reports · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the association between the risk of ectopic pregnancy (EP) and the use of common contraceptives during the previous and current conception/menstrual cycle.
methodsA multi-center case-control study was conducted in Shanghai. Women diagnosed with EP were recruited as the case group (n = 2,411). Women with intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) (n = 2,416) and non-pregnant women (n = 2,419) were matched as controls at a ratio of 1∶1. Information regarding the previous and current use of contraceptives was collected. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidential intervals (CIs).
resultsPrevious use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) was associated with a slight risk of ectopic pregnancy (AOR1 = 1.87 [95% CI: 1.48-2.37]; AOR2 = 1.84 [1.49-2.27]), and the risk increased with the duration of previous use (P1 for trend <10-4, P2 for trend <10-4). The current use of most contraceptives reduced the risk of both unwanted IUP (condom: AOR = 0.04 [0.03-0.05]; withdrawal method: AOR = 0.10 [0.07-0.13]; calendar rhythm method: AOR = 0.54 [0.40-0.73]; oral contraceptive pills [OCPs]: AOR = 0.03 [0.02-0.08]; levonorgestrel emergency contraception [LNG-EC]: AOR = 0.22 [0.16-0.30]; IUDs: AOR = 0.01 [0.005-0.012]; tubal sterilization: AOR = 0.01 [0.001-0.022]) and unwanted EP (condom: AOR1 = 0.05 [0.04-0.06]; withdrawal method: AOR1 = 0.13 [0.09-0.19]; calendar rhythm method: AOR1 = 0.66 [0.48-0.91]; OCPs: AOR1 = 0.14 [0.07-0.26]; IUDs: AOR1 = 0.17 [0.13-0.22]; tubal sterilization: AOR1 = 0.04 [0.02-0.08]). However, when contraception failed and pregnancy occurred, current use of OCPs (AOR2 = 4.06 [1.64-10.07]), LNG-EC (AOR2 = 4.87 [3.88-6.10]), IUDs (AOR2 = 21.08 [13.44-33.07]), and tubal sterilization (AOR2 = 7.68 [1.69-34.80]) increased the risk of EP compared with the non-use of contraceptives.
conclusionCurrent use of most contraceptives reduce the risk of both IUP and EP. However, if the contraceptive method fails, the proportions of EP may be higher than those of non-users. In the case of contraceptive failure in the current cycle, EP cases should be differentiated according to current use of OCPs, LNG-EC, IUDs, and tubal sterilization. In addition, attention should be paid to women with previous long-term use of IUDs.
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