Observational studyThe Journal of infectious diseases2015
Cellular immune activation in cerebrospinal fluid from ugandans with cryptococcal meningitis and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
Observational study in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01075152 (Trial for the Optimal Timing of HIV Therapy After Cryptococcal Meningitis), which is not on this map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Trial for the Optimal Timing of HIV Therapy After Cryptococcal Meningitis
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with strain-specific virulence differences among clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans.Nature communications · 2024Pooled it
- Early ART After Cryptococcal Meningitis Is Associated With Cerebrospinal Fluid Pleocytosis and Macrophage Activation in a Multisite Randomized Trial.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2015Trial
- HIV-1 compartmentalization in the central nervous system during cryptococcal meningitis: Analysis of viral, fungal, and host factors.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Review
- Cryptococcal Infection Across Disease Stages: Host-Pathogen Interactions, Tissue Niches, and Translational Priorities.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- CARD9-dependent macrophage plasticity regulates effective fungal clearance.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Emergence, function, and therapeutic strategies to target the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint during pathogenic fungal infections.Virulence · 2025Review
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Mononuclear Cell Phenotype and Activation Predictors of 2-Week and 1-Year Survival Among Persons With HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Neuroinflammation in fungal infections: from pathogen recognition to pathological manifestations.Disease models & mechanisms · 2025Review
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokines and Chemokines Involved in Cytotoxic Cell Function and Risk of Acute 14-Day Mortality in Persons with Advanced HIV and Cryptococcal Meningitis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Impact of cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte infiltration and activated neuroimmune mediators on survival with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Research progress on immunometabolism and gut microbiota in cryptococcal meningitis: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Review
- State of the Field: Cytotoxic Immune Cell Responses inJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Management and outcome of intracranial fungal infections in children and adults in Africa: a scoping review.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Severe CSF immune cell alterations in cryptococcal meningitis gradually resolve during antifungal therapy.BMC neurology · 2024Article
- Impact of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leukocyte Infiltration and Neuroimmmune Mediators on Survival with HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Molecular Diagnostics ofDiseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Brain glucose induces tolerance of Cryptococcus neoformans to amphotericin B during meningitis.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- The influence of fixation and cryopreservation of cerebrospinal fluid on antigen expression and cell percentages by flow cytometric analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Blocking the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways during pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis improves immunity, reduces disease severity, and increases the survival of infected mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is characterized by high fungal burden and limited leukocyte trafficking to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The immunopathogenesis of CM immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after initiation of antiretroviral therapy at the site of infection is poorly understood.
methodsWe characterized the lineage and activation status of mononuclear cells in blood and CSF of HIV-infected patients with noncryptococcal meningitis (NCM) (n = 10), those with CM at day 0 (n = 40) or day 14 (n = 21) of antifungal therapy, and those with CM-IRIS (n = 10).
resultsAt diagnosis, highly activated CD8(+) T cells predominated in CSF in both CM and NCM. CM-IRIS was associated with an increasing frequency of CSF CD4(+) T cells (increased from 2.2% to 23%; P = .06), a shift in monocyte phenotype from classic to an intermediate/proinflammatory, and increased programmed death ligand 1 expression on natural killer cells (increased from 11.9% to 61.6%, P = .03). CSF cellular responses were distinct from responses in peripheral blood.
conclusionsAfter CM, T cells in CSF tend to evolve with the development of IRIS, with increasing proportions of activated CD4(+) T cells, migration of intermediate monocytes to the CSF, and declining fungal burden. These changes provide insight into IRIS pathogenesis and could be exploited to more effectively treat CM and prevent CM-IRIS.
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