ArticleCraniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction2014
The First AO Classification System for Fractures of the Craniomaxillofacial Skeleton: Rationale, Methodological Background, Developmental Process, and Objectives.
Article in Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comparing Mixed Reality and Two-Dimensional Imaging in Mandibular Fracture Classification: A Prospective Randomized Study in Medical and Dental Students.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Swin Transformer-based intelligent fracture classification and radiographic assessment to support clinical decision-making.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Article
- A comparison of isolated mandibular fractures and pattern of fractures of the mandible in cases with panfacial fractures - A study from 2007 to 2024 in a highest-level German trauma centre on 2056 patients with mandibular fractures.Oral and maxillofacial surgery · 2025Article
- Assessment of Post-Operative Neurosensory Deficiency Following Le Fort I Maxillary Osteotomy and Its Impact on Patient Satisfaction: A Retrospective Clinical Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Clinical and diagnostic imaging outcomes of mandibular fracture management in 109 cats.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Different Patterns of Zygomaticoorbital Complex Fractures.Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction · 2024Article
- Evaluation of Mandibular Fractures in a German Nationwide Trauma Center Between 2015 and 2017.Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery · 2022Article
- Craniomaxillofacial trauma in immature dogs-etiology, treatments, and outcomes.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Article
- Complications after osteosynthesis of craniofacial fractures-an analysis from the years 2015-2017.Oral and maxillofacial surgery · 2021Article
- Traumatic skull fractures in dogs and cats: A comparative analysis of neurological and computed tomographic features.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2020Article
- Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Dogs-Part II: Association Between Fracture Location, Morphology and Etiology.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2020Article
- Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Dogs-Part I: Fracture Location, Morphology and Etiology.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2020Article
- The Comprehensive AO CMF Classification System for Mandibular Fractures: A Multicenter Validation Study.Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction · 2019Article
- The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Fracture Case Collection, Diagnostic Imaging Work Up, AOCOIAC Iconography and Coding.Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction · 2014Article
- The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Radiological Issues and Systematic Approach.Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction · 2014Article
- The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Midface Fractures - Level 3 Tutorial.Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction · 2014Article
- The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Classification and Documentation within AOCOIAC Software.Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction · 2014Article
- The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification: Skull Base and Cranial Vault Fractures - Level 2 and 3 Tutorial.Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction · 2014Article
- The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Orbital Fractures - Level 3 Tutorial.Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction · 2014Article
- The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Midface Fractures - Level 2 Tutorial.Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction · 2014Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Validated trauma classification systems are the sole means to provide the basis for reliable documentation and evaluation of patient care, which will open the gateway to evidence-based procedures and healthcare in the coming years. With the support of AO Investigation and Documentation, a classification group was established to develop and evaluate a comprehensive classification system for craniomaxillofacial (CMF) fractures. Blueprints for fracture classification in the major constituents of the human skull were drafted and then evaluated by a multispecialty group of experienced CMF surgeons and a radiologist in a structured process during iterative agreement sessions. At each session, surgeons independently classified the radiological imaging of up to 150 consecutive cases with CMF fractures. During subsequent review meetings, all discrepancies in the classification outcome were critically appraised for clarification and improvement until consensus was reached. The resulting CMF classification system is structured in a hierarchical fashion with three levels of increasing complexity. The most elementary level 1 simply distinguishes four fracture locations within the skull: mandible (code 91), midface (code 92), skull base (code 93), and cranial vault (code 94). Levels 2 and 3 focus on further defining the fracture locations and for fracture morphology, achieving an almost individual mapping of the fracture pattern. This introductory article describes the rationale for the comprehensive AO CMF classification system, discusses the methodological framework, and provides insight into the experiences and interactions during the evaluation process within the core groups. The details of this system in terms of anatomy and levels are presented in a series of focused tutorials illustrated with case examples in this special issue of the Journal.
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