ArticleSpringerPlus2014
Effects of follicular versus luteal phase-based strength training in young women.
Article in SpringerPlus, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07591818 (Menstrual Cycle and Oral Contraceptive Use in Athletic Performance and Health-related Hydration and Energy Balance Status), which is not on this map. Cited by 68 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Menstrual Cycle and Oral Contraceptive Use in Athletic Performance and Health-related Hydration and Energy Balance Status
Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 140 citations in OpenAlex.
- Perspectives on Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training in Healthy Adult Females: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Pooled it
- Menstrual cycle hormones and oral contraceptives: a multimethod systems physiology-based review of their impact on key aspects of female physiology.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2023Pooled it
- The Effect of Different Strength Training Modalities on Sprint Performance in Female Team-Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Pooled it
- The Effect of Monophasic Oral Contraceptives on Muscle Strength and Markers of Recovery After Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review.Sports health · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effects of physical training programs on female tennis players' performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Pooled it
- A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Resistance Training on Whole-Body Muscle Growth in Healthy Adult Males.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- The Effect of the Menstrual Cycle and Oral Contraceptives on Acute Responses and Chronic Adaptations to Resistance Training: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Pooled it
- Varying Influence of Menstrual Cycle Phase and Hormonal Contraceptive Use on Resistance Exercise-Induced Circulating Extracellular Vesicle and Metabolite Signalling.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Trial
- Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates Do not Differ With Low and High Estradiol Concentrations Across the Menstrual Cycle.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Trial
- Urge Coping Mediates the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Smoking Outcomes in a Sample of Premenopausal Women Intending to Quit Smoking.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Trial
- Dark Chocolate Mitigates Premenstrual Performance Impairments and Muscle Soreness in Female CrossFitNutrients · 2025Trial
- Menstrual cycle phase does not influence muscle protein synthesis or whole-body myofibrillar proteolysis in response to resistance exercise.The Journal of physiology · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Effects of Hormonal Contraception and the Menstrual Cycle on Maximal Strength and Power Performance.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2024Trial
- The Dose-Effects of Caffeine on Lower Body Maximal Strength, Muscular Endurance, and Rating of Perceived Exertion in Strength-Trained Females.Nutrients · 2021Trial
- Effects of a ketogenic diet on body composition and strength in trained women.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2020Trial
- The Effect of Caffeine on the Velocity of Half-Squat Exercise during the Menstrual Cycle: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2019Trial
- The influence of caffeine ingestion on strength and power performance in female team-sport players.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2016Trial
- Exploring the Impact of Ovarian Hormones on Cortical Drive and Quadriceps Performance in Uninjured Female Athletes.Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America · 2026Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hormonal variations during the menstrual cycle (MC) may influence trainability of strength. We investigated the effects of a follicular phase-based strength training (FT) on muscle strength, muscle volume and microscopic parameters, comparing it to a luteal phase-based training (LT). Eumenorrheic women without oral contraception (OC) (N = 20, age: 25.9 ± 4.5 yr, height: 164.2 ± 5.5 cm, weight: 60.6 ± 7.8 kg) completed strength training on a leg press for three MC, and 9 of them participated in muscle biopsies. One leg had eight training sessions in the follicular phases (FP) and only two sessions in the luteal phases (LP) for follicular phase-based training (FT), while the other leg had eight training sessions in LP and only two sessions in FP for luteal phase-based training (LT). Estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), total testosterone (T), free testosterone (free T) and DHEA-s were analysed once during FP (around day 11) and once during LP (around day 25). Maximum isometric force (Fmax), muscle diameter (Mdm), muscle fibre composition (No), fibre diameter (Fdm) and cell nuclei-to-fibre ratio (N/F) were analysed before and after the training intervention. T and free T were higher in FP compared to LP prior to the training intervention (P < 0.05). The increase in Fmax after FT was higher compared to LT (P <0.05). FT also showed a higher increase in Mdm than LT (P < 0.05). Moreover, we found significant increases in Fdm of fibre type ΙΙ and in N/F only after FT; however, there was no significant difference from LT. With regard to change in fibre composition, no differences were observed between FT and LT. FT showed a higher gain in muscle strength and muscle diameter than LT. As a result, we recommend that eumenorrheic females without OC should base the periodization of their strength training on their individual MC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.