ArticleSpringerPlus2014
Change of the age and performance of swimmers across World Championships and Olympic Games finals from 1992 to 2013 - a cross-sectional data analysis.
Article in SpringerPlus, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- The Impact of Rest Intervals on the Force-Velocity Relationship Obtained During the Keiser's 10-Repetition Leg Press Test.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Article
- Early Specialization and Progress of Finalist Swimmers in World Championships and Olympic Games.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2024Article
- Variation vs. specialization: the dose-time-effect of technical and physiological variety in the development of elite swimmers.BMC research notes · 2024Article
- Sprinting to the top: comparing quality of distance variety and specialization between swimmers and runners.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Article
- Competition and Training Strategies for Developing World Class 200- and 400-m Individual Medley Swimmers.Journal of human kinetics · 2023Article
- Performance Development of European Swimmers Across the Olympic Cycle.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- Gender and Age Patterns in NSGA Swim Competitions.Journal of aging research · 2022Article
- The importance of previous season performance on world-class 200- and 400-m individual medley swimming.Biology of sport · 2022Article
- Elite Badminton Is Getting Older: Ages of the Top 100 Ranked Badminton Players from 1994 to 2020.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Predicting Breaststroke and Butterfly Stroke Results in Swimming Based on Olympics History.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Sex Differences in Swimming Disciplines-Can Women Outperform Men in Swimming?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Review
- Multigenerational performance development of male and female top-elite swimmers-A global study of the 100 m freestyle event.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2020Article
- Variation in competition performance, number of races, and age: Long-term athlete development in elite female swimmers.PloS one · 2020Article
- Interim Performance Progression (IPP) During Consecutive Season Best Performances of Talented Swimmers.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2020Article
- Performance Trends in Master Butterfly Swimmers Competing in the FINA World Championships.Journal of human kinetics · 2017Article
- The Age in Swimming of Champions in World Championships (1994⁻2013) and Olympic Games (1992⁻2012): A Cross-Sectional Data Analysis.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2016Article
- Performance trends in master freestyle swimmers aged 25-89 years at the FINA World Championships from 1986 to 2014.Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2016Article
- Article
- A rise in peak performance age in female athletes.Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to investigate the changes in the age and in swimming performance of finalists in World Championships (1994-2013) and Olympic Games (1992-2012) competing in all events/races (stroke and distance). Data of 3,295 performances from 1,615 women and 1,680 men were analysed using correlation analyses and magnitudes of effect sizes. In the World Championships, the age of the finalists increased for all strokes and distances with exception of 200 m backstroke in women, and 400 m freestyle and 200 m breaststroke in men where the age of the finalists decreased. The magnitudes of the effects were small to very large (mean ± SD 2.8 ± 2.7), but extremely large (13.38) for 1,500 m freestyle in women. In the Olympic Games, the age of the finalists increased for all strokes and distances with exception of 800 m freestyle in women and 400 m individual medley in men. The magnitudes of the effects were small to very large (mean ± SD 4.1 ± 7.1), but extremely large for 50 m freestyle in women (10.5) and 200 m butterfly in men (38.0). Swimming performance increased across years in both women and men for all strokes and distances in both the World Championships and the Olympic Games. The magnitudes of the effects were all extremely large in World Championships (mean ± SD 20.1 ± 8.4) and Olympic Games (mean ± SD 52.1 ± 47.6); especially for 100 m and 200 m breaststroke (198) in women in the Olympic Games. To summarize, in the last ~20 years the age of the finalists increased in both the World Championships and the Olympic Games with some minor exceptions (200 m backstroke in women, 400 m freestyle and 200 m breaststroke in men in World Championships and 800 m freestyle in women and 400 m individual medley in men in Olympic Games) and performance of the finalists improved.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.