ArticleInterdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases2014
External ventricular drain infections: risk factors and outcome.
Article in Interdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prolonged infusion of linezolid is associated with improved pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) profiles in patients with external ventricular drains.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2021Trial
- Impact of initial disease severity and metabolic stress on mortality in patients with suspected external ventricular drain-associated infection.Neurosurgical review · 2026Article
- Surgical Site Infections After External Ventricular Drain Placement: Incidence, Patient-Related, and Periprocedural Risk Factors.Neurosurgery practice · 2026Article
- Pericardial tamponade during surgical ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement : a case report and review of the literature.BMC anesthesiology · 2026Review
- A pragmatic evaluation of serum IL-6, PCT and CRP compared to routine CSF biomarkers and CDC/IDSA criteria in healthcare-associated Ventriculitis.Surgical neurology international · 2026Article
- Application of a time series foundation model to noninvasively estimate intracranial pressure.Journal of clinical monitoring and computing · 2025Article
- Comparison of Accuracy Between Image-Guided and Freehand External Ventricular Drain Bedside Placement in Association With Time Efficacy.Neurosurgery practice · 2025Article
- EVD-Associated Infections in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Risk Factors and Clinical Predictions-A Retrospective Single-Center Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- A Low-Cost Articulated Arm Navigation System for External Ventricular Drain Placement.IEEE transactions on medical robotics and bionics · 2025Article
- Performance of routine surveillance diagnostics of external ventricular drain-associated infections in a critical care setting: a retrospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm formation of the anterior cerebral artery following placement of an external ventricular drain: illustrative case.Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons · 2025Article
- Resident Opinions on Image Guidance for External Ventricular Drain Placement: A National Survey.Neurosurgery practice · 2024Article
- Risk, Predictive, and Preventive Factors for Noninfectious Ventriculitis and External Ventricular Drain Infection.Neurocritical care · 2024Article
- Management of external ventricular drain: to wean or not to wean?Acta neurochirurgica · 2024Article
- Deriving Automated Device Metadata From Intracranial Pressure Waveforms: A Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury ICU Physiology Cohort Analysis.Critical care explorations · 2024Article
- Infections Associated with Medtronic Duet External Ventricular Drains - Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, January 2023-January 2024.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2024Article
- Efficacy and safety of bedside percutaneous three-millimeter twist-drill trephination under local anesthesia-a retrospective study of 1000 patients.Acta neurochirurgica · 2024Article
- Article
- High-Accuracy Neuro-Navigation with Computer Vision for Frameless Registration and Real-Time Tracking.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Where to Draw Cerebrospinal Fluid from an External Ventricular Drain? Comparison of Cerebrospinal Fluid Parameters between Two Different Collection Sites.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
External ventricular drainage (EVD) is frequently used in neurosurgery to drain cerebrospinal fluid in patients with raised intracranial pressure. We performed a retrospective single center study in order to evaluate the incidence of EVD-related infections and to identify underlying risk factors. 246 EVDs were placed in 218 patients over a 30-month period. EVD was continued in median for 7 days (range 1-44). The cumulative incidence of EVD-related infections was 8.3% (95% CI, 5.3-12.7) with a device-associated infection rate of 10.4 per 1000 drainage days (95% CI, 6.2-16.5). The pathogens most commonly identified were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (62%) followed by Enterococcus spp. (19%). Patients with an EVD-related infection had a significantly longer ICU (11 versus 21 days, P < 0.01) and hospital stay (20 versus 28.5 days, P < 0.01) than patients without. Median total duration of external drainage was twice as long in patients with EVD-related infection (6 versus 12 days, P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the duration between first EVD placement and the occurrence of EVD-related infection and EVD removal in patients without EVD-related infection (6 versus 7 days, P = 0.87), respectively. Interestingly no risk factor for EVD-related infection could be identified in our cohort of patients.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.