ReviewJournal of theoretical biology2015
Unresolved issues in theories of autoimmune disease using myocarditis as a framework.
Review in Journal of theoretical biology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Efficacy and safety of creatine phosphate sodium in the treatment of viral myocarditis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- A Novel Mechanism for Autoantigenicity: Condensate Conformational Change.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Proteome-scale autoantibody profiling in PSC: Associations with clinical phenotypes and evidence for neuroendocrine deregulations.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2026Article
- Pentraxin 3 promotes the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the migration of macrophages in myocarditis.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
- Myosin Heavy Chain Myopathy and Immune-Mediated Muscle Disorders.The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice · 2025Review
- From Bench to Bedside: Translational Approaches to Cardiotoxicity in Breast Cancer, Lung Cancer, and Lymphoma Therapies.Cancers · 2025Review
- Harnessing mRNA for heart health: a new era in cardiovascular treatment.Theranostics · 2025Review
- RhoA/ROCK Pathway Is Upregulated in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis and Is Inhibited by Simvastatin at the Stage of Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- T-Cell Receptor Sequences Identify Combined Coxsackievirus-International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Review
- Mediators and mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: Insights from mouse and human.Immunological reviews · 2023Review
- SARS-CoV-2 and Its Bacterial Co- or Super-Infections Synergize to Trigger COVID-19 Autoimmune Cardiopathies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis.Circulation research · 2023Review
- A Pharmacoepidemiological Study of Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following the First Dose of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Europe.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Article
- From Co-Infections to Autoimmune Disease via Hyperactivated Innate Immunity: COVID-19 Autoimmune Coagulopathies, Autoimmune Myocarditis and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- T Cell Receptor Sequences Amplified during Severe COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Mimic SARS-CoV-2, Its Bacterial Co-Infections and Host Autoantigens.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Cardiac myosin-specific autoimmune T cells contribute to immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-associated myocarditis.Cell reports · 2022Article
- Challenging Dermatologic Considerations Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2022Review
- Case Report: A Programmed Cell Death-1 Inhibitor-Related Abdominal Fibroinflammatory Reaction Affecting Multiple Organs in A Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patient.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Many theories of autoimmune disease have been proposed since the discovery that the immune system can attack the body. These theories include the hidden or cryptic antigen theory, modified antigen theory, T cell bypass, T cell-B cell mismatch, epitope spread or drift, the bystander effect, molecular mimicry, anti-idiotype theory, antigenic complementarity, and dual-affinity T cell receptors. We critically review these theories and relevant mathematical models as they apply to autoimmune myocarditis. All theories share the common assumption that autoimmune diseases are triggered by environmental factors such as infections or chemical exposure. Most, but not all, theories and mathematical models are unifactorial assuming single-agent causation of disease. Experimental and clinical evidence and mathematical models exist to support some aspects of most theories, but evidence/models that support one theory almost invariably supports other theories as well. More importantly, every theory (and every model) lacks the ability to account for some key autoimmune disease phenomena such as the fundamental roles of innate immunity, sex differences in disease susceptibility, the necessity for adjuvants in experimental animal models, and the often paradoxical effect of exposure timing and dose on disease induction. We argue that a more comprehensive and integrated theory of autoimmunity associated with new mathematical models is needed and suggest specific experimental and clinical tests for each major theory that might help to clarify how they relate to clinical disease and reveal how theories are related.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.