ReviewGut microbes2014
Clostridium difficile virulence factors: Insights into an anaerobic spore-forming pathogen.
Review in Gut microbes, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 134 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development a novel in silico mRNA vaccine against Clostridium difficile.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2026Article
- Clostridioides difficile : A suspected pro-carcinogenic bacterium for gastrointestinal tumors.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Community-AcquiredInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Innovative nucleic acid detection ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Mechanisms ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- A novel case of prosthetic joint infection due to Clostridioides difficile successfully suppressed with oral doxycycline.Access microbiology · 2025Article
- In-depth characterization of accessory gene regulator loci and associated virulence factors inCurrent research in microbial sciences · 2025Article
- Adaptation mechanisms of Clostridioides difficile to auranofin and its impact on human gut microbiota.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2024Article
- Purified CDT toxins and a clean deletion within the CDT locus provide novel insights into the contribution of binary toxin in cellular inflammation and Clostridioides difficile infection.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Review
- Current and Ongoing Developments in TargetingMicroorganisms · 2024Review
- Understanding host immune responses iniMeta · 2024Review
- Exploring the Toxin-Mediated Mechanisms inMicroorganisms · 2024Review
- Culture-independent detection of low-abundantApplied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Genomic surveillance ofmBio · 2024Article
- A rationally designed antimicrobial peptide from structural and functional insights ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2024Article
- The multiplicity of thioredoxin systems meets the specific lifestyles of Clostridia.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Advances in bacteria-based drug delivery systems for anti-tumor therapy.Clinical & translational immunology · 2024Review
- Comparative genome analyses of clinical and non-clinicalFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Global insights into the genome dynamics ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The worldwide emergence of epidemic strains of Clostridium difficile linked to increased disease severity and mortality has resulted in greater research efforts toward determining the virulence factors and pathogenesis mechanisms used by this organism to cause disease. C. difficile is an opportunist pathogen that employs many factors to infect and damage the host, often with devastating consequences. This review will focus on the role of the 2 major virulence factors, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), as well as the role of other putative virulence factors, such as binary toxin, in C. difficile-mediated infection. Consideration is given to the importance of spores in both the initiation of disease and disease recurrence and also to the role that surface proteins play in host interactions.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.