Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25479602›Full record

ReviewProgress in retinal and eye research2015

Dynamics and function of the tear film in relation to the blink cycle.

R J Braun, P E King-Smith, C G Begley, Longfei Li, N R Gewecke

Open access · greenAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Progress in retinal and eye research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
70citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
10.3field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

70 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 156 citations in OpenAlex.

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  11. Diabetic keratopathy and nuclear proteins (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026
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10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

R J BraunDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Institute for Mathematics and its Applications, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Electronic address: braun@math.udel.edu.
P E King-SmithCollege of Optometry, The Ohio State University, 338 W 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Electronic address: king-smith.1@osu.edu.
C G BegleySchool of Optometry, Indiana University, 800 East Atwater Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. Electronic address: cbegley@indiana.edu.
Longfei LiDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. Electronic address: longfei@math.udel.edu.
N R GeweckeDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. Electronic address: ngewecke@daltonstate.edu.
University of Delaware · USIndiana University Bloomington · USThe Ohio State University · USUniversity of Minnesota · US

Funding

Interferometric Studies of the Fluid Dynamics of the Tear FilmR01EY017951 · NEI · OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI KING-SMITH, PETER E · 2009 to 2012
$1.2M
Tear Instability as a Unifying Mechanism for Dry Eye SymptomsR01EY021794 · NEI · TRUSTEES OF INDIANA UNIVERSITY · PI BEGLEY, CAROLYN G · 2011 to 2015
$1.2M
NEI NIH HHS R01 EY017951NEI NIH HHS R01 EY021794
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Great strides have recently been made in quantitative measurements of tear film thickness and thinning, mathematical modeling thereof and linking these to sensory perception. This paper summarizes recent progress in these areas and reports on new results. The complete blink cycle is used as a framework that attempts to unify the results that are currently available. Understanding of tear film dynamics is aided by combining information from different imaging methods, including fluorescence, retroillumination and a new high-speed stroboscopic imaging system developed for studying the tear film during the blink cycle. During the downstroke of the blink, lipid is compressed as a thick layer just under the upper lid which is often released as a narrow thick band of lipid at the beginning of the upstroke. "Rippling" of the tear film/air interface due to motion of the tear film over the corneal surface, somewhat like the flow of water in a shallow stream over a rocky streambed, was observed during lid motion and treated theoretically here. New mathematical predictions of tear film osmolarity over the exposed ocular surface and in tear breakup are presented; the latter is closely linked to new in vivo observations. Models include the effects of evaporation, osmotic flow through the cornea and conjunctiva, quenching of fluorescence, tangential flow of aqueous tears and diffusion of tear solutes and fluorescein. These and other combinations of experiment and theory increase our understanding of the fluid dynamics of the tear film and its potential impact on the ocular surface.

Indexed as

BlinkingCorneaHumansLipidsOsmolar ConcentrationTearsLipidsLipid layerTear break-upTear filmTear film dynamicsTear hyperosmolarity

Identifiers

PMID25479602
PMCPMC4364449
OpenAlexW1998438901

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.