ArticlePloS one2014
Prevalence of papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, and herpesviruses in triple-negative and inflammatory breast tumors from algeria compared with other types of breast cancer tumors.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- An updated systemic review and meta-analysis on human papillomavirus in breast carcinogenesis.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Pooled it
- HPV DNA Detection and Genotyping in Basal-Like Breast Carcinoma: Insights into a Possible Viral Association.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus in the Middle East and North Africa: A Review of Genotypic Prevalence, Vaccination Challenges, and Non-Cervical Clinical Outcomes.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- HPV-positive cancers at uncommon sites: a narrative review.Oncology reviews · 2026Review
- Article
- Polyomaviruses and the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Infectious agents and cancer · 2025Review
- Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Breast Cancer: A Literature Review of Clinical and Experimental Data.Biology · 2025Review
- The Role of Oncogenic Viruses in the Pathogenesis of Sporadic Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of the Current Literature.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Human papillomaviruses and breast cancer: A systematic review and meta‑analysis.Oncology letters · 2024Article
- Epstein‑Barr virus as a promoter of tumorigenesis in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2023Review
- Prevalence of Polyomaviruses and Herpesviruses in Moroccan Breast Cancer.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Prevalence of viral DNA in high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer and correlation with clinical outcomes.PloS one · 2023Article
- HPV-Associated Breast Cancer: Myth or Fact?Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Prevalence of 13 polyomaviruses in actinic keratosis and matched healthy skin samples of immunocompetent individuals.Infectious agents and cancer · 2022Article
- Human Papillomaviruses-Related Cancers: An Update on the Presence and Prevention Strategies in the Middle East and North African Regions.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Clinical implications of alpha, beta, and gamma HPV infection in juvenile onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2022Observational
- Low frequency of HPV positivity in breast tumors among patients from south-central Poland.Infectious agents and cancer · 2021Article
- Presence of high-risk HPVs, EBV, and MMTV in human triple-negative breast cancer.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Article
- Prognostic correlations with the microbiome of breast cancer subtypes.Cell death & disease · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe possible role of viruses in breast cancer etiology remains an unresolved question. We hypothesized that if some viruses are involved, it may be in a subgroup of breast cancers only. Epidemiological arguments drove our interest in breast cancer subgroups that are more frequent in Africa, namely inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) and triple-negative breast cancer. We tested whether viral prevalence was significantly higher in these subgroups. MATERIALS AND
methodsOne hundred fifty-five paraffin-embedded malignant breast tumors were randomly selected at the pathology laboratory of the University Hospital of Annaba (Algeria) to include one third of IBC and two thirds of non-IBC. They were tested for the presence of DNA from 61 viral agents (46 human papillomaviruses, 10 polyomaviruses, and 5 herpesviruses) using type-specific multiplex genotyping assays, which combine multiplex PCR and bead-based Luminex technology.
resultsViral DNA was found in 22 (17.9%) of 123 tumors. The most prevalent viruses were EBV1 and HPV16. IBC tumors carried significantly more viruses (any type) than non-IBC tumors (30% vs. 13%, p<0.04). Similarly, triple-negative tumors displayed higher virus-positivity than non-triple-negative tumors (44% vs. 14%, p<0.009).
conclusionsOur results suggest an association between the presence of viral DNA and aggressive breast cancer phenotypes (IBC, triple-negative). While preliminary, they underline the importance of focusing on subgroups when studying viral etiology in breast cancer. Further studies on viruses in breast cancer should be conducted in much larger samples to confirm these initial findings.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.