ArticleBMC musculoskeletal disorders2014
Reliability, construct and discriminative validity of clinical testing in subjects with and without chronic neck pain.
Article in BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 121 citations in OpenAlex.
- A clinical guide for physiotherapists to assess and manage cervical musculoskeletal impairment and pain sensitivity in migraine patients.The Journal of manual & manipulative therapy · 2025Guideline
- Effects Of 6-Week Telerehabilitation Exercise Programme On Chronic Non-Specific Neck Pain In Women: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.F1000Research · 2025Trial
- Effect of neck-specific exercises with and without internet support on cervical range of motion and neck muscle endurance in chronic whiplash-associated disorders: analysis of functional outcomes of a randomized controlled trial.Journal of rehabilitation medicine · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Immediate neck hypoalgesic effects of craniocervical flexion exercises and cervical retraction exercises among individuals with non-acute neck pain and a directional preference for retraction or extension: preliminary pretest-posttest randomized experimental design.The Journal of manual & manipulative therapy · 2023Trial
- Dry needling in active or latent trigger point in patients with neck pain: a randomized clinical trial.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Responsiveness of clinical tests for people with neck pain.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2017Trial
- Multidimensional Analysis of Physical, Psychosocial, and Cognitive Impairment in People with Chronic Neck Pain.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Factors Associated with Pain, Disability, and Quality of Life in Adults Aged 18-65 with Nonspecific Chronic Neck Pain: A Single-Center Observational Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Negative Emotional Influences on Pressure Pain Thresholds: Findings from a Quasi-Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- Developing and validating prediction models for low back pain and neck pain in office workers: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Reliability and agreement in measurement of cervical spine joint repositioning error in the retraction-protrusion plane.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Effects of Dry Needling of the Obliquus Capitis Inferior in Patients with Cervicogenic Headache and Upper Cervical Dysfunction: An Exploratory Randomized Sham-Controlled Trial.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Effects of Global Postural Re-Education Versus Specific Therapeutic Exercises on Pain, Head Posture, and Pain-Related Psychosocial Factors in Women with Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The Impact of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation on Heart Rate Variability and Musculoskeletal Manifestations in Chronic Neck Pain: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Effects of Kinesio Taping on Neck Pain: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.Pain and therapy · 2024Review
- Evolving Dynamics of Neck Muscle Activation Patterns in Dental Students: A Longitudinal Study.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Intra-rater and Inter-rater Reliability of the Commander Pressure Algometer in Greek Patients With Chronic Neck Pain.Cureus · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe reliability of clinical tests for the cervical spine has not been adequately evaluated. Six cervical clinical tests, which are low cost and easy to perform in clinical settings, were tested for intra- and inter-examiner reliability, and two performance tests were assessed for test-retest reliability in people with and without chronic neck pain. Moreover, construct and between-group discriminative validity of the tests were examined.
methodsTwenty-one participants with chronic neck pain and 21 asymptomatic participants were included. Intra- and inter-reliability were evaluated for the Cranio-Cervical Flexion Test (CCFT), Range of Movement (ROM), Joint Position Error (JPE), Gaze Stability (GS), Smooth Pursuit Neck Torsion Test (SPNTT), and neuromuscular control of the Deep Cervical Extensors (DCE). Test-retest reliability was assessed for Postural Control (SWAY) and Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) over tibialis anterior, infraspinatus and the C3-C4 segment.
resultsIntraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for intra- and inter-examiner reliability was highest for ROM (range: 0.80 to 0.94), DCE (0.75 to 0.90) and CCFT (0.63 to 0.86). JPE had the lowest ICC (0.02 to 0.66). Intra- and inter-reliability for GS and SPNTT showed kappa ranging from 0.66 to 0.92, and 0.57 to 0.78 (prevalence adjusted), respectively. For the test-retest study, ICC was 0.83 to 0.89 for PPT and 0.39 to 0.79 for SWAY. Construct validity was satisfactory for all tests, except JPE. Significant between group discriminative validity was found for CCFT, ROM, GS, SPNTT and PPT, however, differences were within the limits of the minimal detectable change.
conclusionsThe majority of the tests evaluated showed satisfactory reliability and construct validity supporting their use in the clinical evaluation of patients with chronic neck pain.
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Registered trials
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