Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25475922›Full record

ArticleJournal of evolutionary biology2015

The genetical theory of multilevel selection.

A Gardner

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of evolutionary biology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
32citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. The selfish ribosome.PLoS biology · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Fraternal cooperation of hierarchical cancer parallels metazoan multicellularity and eusociality.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026
    Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Ronald Fisher and group selection.History and philosophy of the life sciences · 2025
    Article
  8. Article
  9. A generalized Price equation for fuzzy set-mappings.Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften · 2025
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Shifting the Level of Selection in Science.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2024
    Article
  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Behavioral selection in structured populations.Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften · 2024
    Article
  15. Reuniting philosophy and science to advance cancer research.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2023
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Evolution of class-structured populations in periodic environments.Evolution; international journal of organic evolution · 2022
    Article
  20. Toward a theory of evolution as multilevel learning.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author.

A GardnerSchool of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The theory of multilevel selection (MLS) is beset with conceptual difficulties. Although it is widely agreed that covariance between group trait and group fitness may arise in the natural world and drive a response to 'group selection', ambiguity exists over the precise meaning of group trait and group fitness and as to whether group selection should be defined according to changes in frequencies of different types of individual or different types of group. Moreover, the theory of MLS has failed to properly engage with the problem of class structure, which greatly limits its empirical application to, for example, social insects whose colonies are structured into separate age, sex, caste and ploidy classes. Here, I develop a genetical theory of MLS, to address these problems. I show that taking a genetical approach facilitates a decomposition of group-level traits - including reproductive success - into the separate contributions made by each constituent individual, even in the context of so-called emergence. However, I uncover a novel problem with the group-oriented approach: in many scenarios, it may not be possible to express a meaningful covariance between trait and fitness at the level of the social group, because the group's constituents belong to separate, irreconcilable classes.

Indexed as

Biological EvolutionModels, GeneticSelection, GeneticAnimalsclass structurecovarianceemergenceevolutionary geneticsgroup selectionnatural selectionPrice's theoremreproductive valueSimpson's paradoxsocial evolution

Identifiers

PMID25475922
PMCPMC4415573

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.