Trial reportDiabetes2015
Protein Ingestion Induces Muscle Insulin Resistance Independent of Leucine-Mediated mTOR Activation.
Trial report in Diabetes, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Calorie Restriction and Metabolic Health
Calorie Restriction With Leucine Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women
Effect of Dietary Protein and Energy Restriction in the Improvement of Insulin Resistance in Subjects With Obesity
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pre-Operative Resistance Training and Amino Acid Supplementation in Frail Patients With Gastrointestinal Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Geriatrics & gerontology international · 2025Trial
- Whey Protein-Enriched and Carbohydrate-Rich Breakfasts Attenuate Insulinemic Responses to an ad libitum Lunch Relative to Extended Morning Fasting: A Randomized Crossover Trial.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Whey protein consumption following fasted exercise reduces early postprandial glycaemia in centrally obese males: a randomised controlled trial.European journal of nutrition · 2021Trial
- A Novel Dietary Intervention Reduces Circulatory Branched-Chain Amino Acids by 50%: A Pilot Study of Relevance for Obesity and Diabetes.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Short-term dietary reduction of branched-chain amino acids reduces meal-induced insulin secretion and modifies microbiome composition in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled crossover trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Metabolic Inflexibility Is an Early Marker of Bed-Rest-Induced Glucose Intolerance Even When Fat Mass Is Stable.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2018Trial
- Alterations in 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate and FGF21 Metabolism Are Associated With Protein Ingestion-Induced Insulin Resistance.Diabetes · 2017Trial
- High-Protein Intake during Weight Loss Therapy Eliminates the Weight-Loss-Induced Improvement in Insulin Action in Obese Postmenopausal Women.Cell reports · 2016Trial
- Trial
- Protein ingestion acutely inhibits insulin-stimulated muscle carnitine uptake in healthy young men.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2016Trial
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- Influence of Protein Intake during Obesity Reduction on Physical Function and Body Habitus in Older Males with Prediabetes: A Pilot Study.Current developments in nutrition · 2026Article
- Constitutive mTORC1 activation in skeletal muscle increases inflammation but is not sufficient to impair glucose tolerance.Function (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Dynamic multi-omics profiling of islet and gut hormonal secretion and peripheral crosstalk in response to various nutrient loads.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- Branched-chain amino acids and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: from metabolic dysregulation to therapeutic targets.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Identification of a leucine-mediated threshold effect governing macrophage mTOR signalling and cardiovascular risk.Nature metabolism · 2024Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Increased plasma branched-chain amino acid concentrations are associated with insulin resistance, and intravenous amino acid infusion blunts insulin-mediated glucose disposal. We tested the hypothesis that protein ingestion impairs insulin-mediated glucose disposal by leucine-mediated mTOR signaling, which can inhibit AKT. We measured glucose disposal and muscle p-mTOR(Ser2448), p-AKT(Ser473), and p-AKT(Thr308) in 22 women during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp procedure with and without concomitant ingestion of whey protein (0.6 g/kg fat-free mass; n = 11) or leucine that matched the amount given with whey protein (n = 11). Both whey protein and leucine ingestion raised plasma leucine concentration by approximately twofold and muscle p-mTOR(Ser2448) by ∼30% above the values observed in the control (no amino acid ingestion) studies; p-AKT(Ser473) and p-AKT(Thr308) were not affected by whey protein or leucine ingestion. Whey protein ingestion decreased insulin-mediated glucose disposal (median 38.8 [quartiles 30.8, 61.8] vs. 51.9 [41.0, 77.3] µmol glucose/µU insulin · mL(-1) · min(-1); P < 0.01), whereas ingestion of leucine did not (52.3 [43.3, 65.4] vs. 52.3 [43.9, 73.2]). These results indicate that 1) protein ingestion causes insulin resistance and could be an important regulator of postprandial glucose homeostasis and 2) the insulin-desensitizing effect of protein ingestion is not due to inhibition of AKT by leucine-mediated mTOR signaling.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.