ArticleNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2015
Withdrawal Symptoms and Nicotine Dependence Severity Predict Virtual Reality Craving in Cigarette-Deprived Smokers.
Article in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Are There Neural Overlaps of Reactivity to Illegal Drugs, Tobacco, and Alcohol Cues? With Evidence From ALE and CMA.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Virtual reality: a powerful technology to provide novel insight into treatment mechanisms of addiction.Translational psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Virtual Reality Technology Use in Cigarette Craving and Smoking Interventions (I "Virtually" Quit): Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2021Pooled it
- Differences in Magnitude of Cue Reactivity Across Durations of Smoking History: A Meta-analysis.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Pooled it
- Virtual Reality (VR) in Assessment and Treatment of Addictive Disorders: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2019Pooled it
- (No) escape from reality? Cigarette craving in virtual smoking environments.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2021Trial
- A Pilot Study of E-Cigarette Naïve Cigarette Smokers and the Effects on Craving After Acute Exposure to E-Cigarettes in the Laboratory.The American journal on addictions · 2019Trial
- Exenatide once weekly for smoking cessation: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.Medicine · 2018Trial
- Reactivity to Smoking Cues in a Social Context: Virtual Reality Experiment.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Exploring the relationship between cue-induced craving and withdrawal craving in MUD individuals based on a virtual-reality cue exposure paradigm.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
- Towards virtual reality exposure therapy for cocaine use disorder: A feasibility study of inducing cocaine craving through virtual reality.Addictive behaviors reports · 2024Article
- Cigarette craving in virtual reality cue exposure in abstainers and relapsed smokers.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Impaired Brain-Heart Relation in Patients With Methamphetamine Use Disorder During VR Induction of Drug Cue Reactivity.IEEE journal of translational engineering in health and medicine · 2024Article
- Avatar Intervention for Cannabis Use Disorder in Individuals with Severe Mental Disorders: A Pilot Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Clinical Relevance of Immersive Virtual Reality in the Assessment and Treatment of Addictive Disorders: A Systematic Review and Future Perspective.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Recommendations for Methodology of Virtual Reality Clinical Trials in Health Care by an International Working Group: Iterative Study.JMIR mental health · 2019Article
- Head-Mounted Virtual Reality and Mental Health: Critical Review of Current Research.JMIR serious games · 2018Review
- Development of an effective virtual environment in eliciting craving in adolescents and young adults with internet gaming disorder.PloS one · 2018Article
- The Use of Virtual Reality Technology in the Treatment of Anxiety and Other Psychiatric Disorders.Harvard review of psychiatryReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionVirtual reality (VR) has been shown to be effective in eliciting responses to nicotine cues in cigarette smokers. The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether cigarette-deprived smokers would exhibit increased craving and changes in heart rate when viewing cigarette related cues as compared to non-smoking cues in a VR environment, and the secondary aim was to assess the extent to which self-assessed measures of withdrawal and dependence correlated with VR craving.
methodsNicotine-dependent cigarette smokers were recruited for a 2 day study. On Day 1, participants smoked as usual and on Day 2 were deprived from smoking overnight. On both days, participants completed self-assessment questionnaires on withdrawal, craving, and nicotine-dependence. Participants completed a VR session during the cigarette deprivation condition only (Day 2). During this session, they were exposed to active smoking and placebo (non-smoking) cues.
resultsThe data show that self-reported levels of "craving" (p < .01) and "thinking about cigarettes" (p < .0001) were significantly greater after exposure to the active cues versus non-smoking cues. Significant increases in heart rate were found for 3 of 4 active cues when compared to non-smoking cues (p < .05). Finally, significant positive correlations were found between self-reported craving prior to the VR session and craving induced by active VR cues (p < .01).
conclusionsIn this report, active VR cues elicited craving during cigarette deprivation. This is the first study to demonstrate that self-reported craving, withdrawal symptoms, and nicotine dependence severity predict cue-induced craving in the VR setting.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.