ArticlePLoS pathogens2014
Chronic parasitic infection maintains high frequencies of short-lived Ly6C+CD4+ effector T cells that are required for protection against re-infection.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers.
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Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bulky pcDNA plasmid encoding Leishmania- and Sandfly-derived antigens resulted in transient Th1 response post Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Revisiting the past in light of current knowledge on γδ T cells in leishmaniasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- IL-21-dependent Ly6CCell death discovery · 2025Article
- Host-intrinsic and host-extrinsic factors modulate immunity to Mtb infection, reinfection, and noncanonical vaccination routes.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Review
- Tertiary lymphoid structures in pulmonary granulomas of cattle experimentally infected with aerosolized Mycobacterium bovis.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of a kinetoplast-associated gene attenuates virulence in Leishmania major parasites.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2025Article
- Herpes stromal keratitis erodes the establishment of tissue-resident memory T cell pool in HSV-1 infected corneas.Mucosal immunology · 2025Article
- Editorial: Latest findings onFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Microglia exhibit a dynamic response, modulating inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines during experimental cerebral malaria.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Heightened innate immune state induced by viral vector leads to enhanced response to challenge and prolongs malaria vaccine protection.iScience · 2024Article
- The Immune Memory Response of In Vitro-Polarised Th1, Th2, and Th17 Cells in the Face of Ovalbumin-TransgenicInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Memory T cells: promising biomarkers for evaluating protection and vaccine efficacy against leishmaniasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Live attenuated-nonpathogenicFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Article
- Systems biology of autophagy in leishmanial infection and its diverse role in precision medicine.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2023Review
- Concomitant immunity to M. tuberculosis infection.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- T Lymphocyte Exhaustion During Human and Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Noninvasive Low-Frequency Pulsed Focused Ultrasound Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2022Article
- Protective CD4+ Th1 cell-mediated immunity is reliant upon execution of effector function prior to the establishment of the pathogen niche.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Preclinical validation of a live attenuated dermotropic Leishmania vaccine against vector transmitted fatal visceral leishmaniasis.Communications biology · 2021Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In contrast to the ability of long-lived CD8(+) memory T cells to mediate protection against systemic viral infections, the relationship between CD4(+) T cell memory and acquired resistance against infectious pathogens remains poorly defined. This is especially true for T helper 1 (Th1) concomitant immunity, in which protection against reinfection coincides with a persisting primary infection. In these situations, pre-existing effector CD4 T cells generated by ongoing chronic infection, not memory cells, may be essential for protection against reinfection. We present a systematic study of the tissue homing properties, functionality, and life span of subsets of memory and effector CD4 T cells activated in the setting of chronic Leishmania major infection in resistant C57Bl/6 mice. We found that pre-existing, CD44(+)CD62L(-)T-bet(+)Ly6C+ effector (T(EFF)) cells that are short-lived in the absence of infection and are not derived from memory cells reactivated by secondary challenge, mediate concomitant immunity. Upon adoptive transfer and challenge, non-dividing Ly6C(+) T(EFF) cells preferentially homed to the skin, released IFN-γ, and conferred protection as compared to CD44(+)CD62L(-)Ly6C(-) effector memory or CD44(+)CD62L(+)Ly6C(-) central memory cells. During chronic infection, Ly6C(+) T(EFF) cells were maintained at high frequencies via reactivation of T(CM) and the T(EFF) themselves. The lack of effective vaccines for many chronic diseases may be because protection against infectious challenge requires the maintenance of pre-existing T(EFF) cells, and is therefore not amenable to conventional, memory inducing, vaccination strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.