Trial reportEuropean journal of immunology2015
Reduced numbers of switched memory B cells with high terminal differentiation potential in Down syndrome.
Trial report in European journal of immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dysregulated miR-155 and miR-125b Are Related to Impaired B-cell Responses in Down Syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Trial
- Clinical considerations for immune dysregulation and immunodeficiency in Down syndrome.Journal of human immunity · 2026Review
- Immune dysregulation in children with Down syndrome: clinical implications and emerging therapies.Current opinion in rheumatology · 2026Review
- Lower pneumococcal IgG levels and respiratory hospitalisation in children with Down syndrome; an exploratory study.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Progressive deterioration of adaptive immune repertoires in Down syndrome linked to interferon hyperactivity and lymphoid tissue disorganization.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Immune Dysregulation in Down Syndrome: Implications for Infectious Susceptibility and Vaccine Response.Journal of clinical immunology · 2026Review
- How I Treat: Immune dysregulation in Down syndrome.Journal of human immunity · 2026Review
- Vaccination in individuals with Down syndrome: immune vulnerability, safety, efficacy and opportunities.NPJ vaccines · 2026Review
- Beyond the Immunization Schedule: Unmasking Vaccine Failure in a Child With Down Syndrome.Case reports in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Down Syndrome in Children: A Primary Immunodeficiency with Immune Dysregulation.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The immune system in Down Syndrome: Autoimmunity and severe infections.Immunological reviews · 2024Review
- The hidden scabies: a rare case of atypical Norwegian scabies, case report and literature review.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2024Review
- Partial loss of Sorting Nexin 27 resembles age- and Down syndrome-associated T cell dysfunctions.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2024Article
- Down syndrome-associated leukaemias: current evidence and challenges.Therapeutic advances in hematology · 2024Review
- Extra X, extra questions: Trisomy X syndrome and IgA deficiency - a case report.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Increased levels of anti-BSA antibodies in children with Down syndrome.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Clinical characteristics and comorbidities of COVID-19 in unvaccinated patients with Down syndrome: first year report in Brazil.Human genetics · 2022Article
- Sex Differences in Protein Expression and Their Perturbations in Amniotic Fluid Cells of Down Syndrome Fetuses.ACS omega · 2022Article
- COVID-19 hospitalization with later long COVID in a person with Down syndrome.Clinical case reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome (DS) have increased susceptibility to infections and a high frequency of leukemia and autoimmune disorders, suggesting that immunodeficiency and immune dysfunction are integral parts of the syndrome. A reduction in B-cell numbers has been reported, associated with moderate immunodeficiency and normal immunoglobulin levels. Here, we compared B-cell populations of 19 children with DS with those in healthy age-matched controls. We found that all steps of peripheral B-cell development are altered in DS, with a more severe defect during the later stages of B-cell development. Transitional and mature-naïve B-cell numbers are reduced by 50% whereas switched memory B cells represent 10-15% of the numbers in age-matched controls. Serum IgM levels were slightly reduced, but all other immunoglobulin isotypes were in the normal range. The frequency of switched memory B cells specific for vaccine antigens was significantly lower in affected children than in their equivalently vaccinated siblings. In vitro switched memory B cells of patients with DS have an increased ability to differentiate into antibody-forming cells in response to TLR9 signals. Tailored vaccination schedules increasing the number of switched memory B cells may improve protection and reduce the risk of death from infection in DS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.