ArticleClinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology2015
Combined effects of prenatal medication use and delivery type are associated with eczema at age 2 years.
Article in Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prenatal maternal antibiotic use increases the risk of childhood eczema: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Pooled it
- The Effect of Probiotics on Health in Pregnancy and Infants: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- A synbiotic intervention modulates meta-omics signatures of gut redox potential and acidity in elective caesarean born infants.BMC microbiology · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Early Probiotic Supplementation for Eczema and Asthma Prevention: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Pediatrics · 2017Trial
- Effect of Probiotics on the Gut-Mammary Pathway: Implications on Infant Microbiota Transfer and Development.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Protocol design for the ACTIVATE clinical trial: Exposure to vaginal microbiome in cesarean-delivered infants at high risk for allergies.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. Global · 2025Article
- Maternal antibiotic exposure and childhood allergies: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. Global · 2023Article
- Early-life gut microbiota and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preadolescents.Pediatric research · 2023Article
- Prenatal Maternal Risk Factors Contributing to Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.Annals of dermatology · 2023Article
- Effect of partially hydrolyzed synbiotic formula milk on weight gain of late preterm and term infants-a multicenter study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Association between prenatal antimicrobial use and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.PloS one · 2023Article
- Prenatal IgE as a Risk Factor for the Development of Childhood Neurodevelopmental Disorders.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Article
- Specific class of intrapartum antibiotics relates to maturation of the infant gut microbiota: a prospective cohort study.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2020Article
- Prenatal and neonatal factors involved in the development of childhood allergic diseases in Guangzhou primary and middle school students.BMC pediatrics · 2019Article
- Elevated faecal 12,13-diHOME concentration in neonates at high risk for asthma is produced by gut bacteria and impedes immune tolerance.Nature microbiology · 2019Article
- Prenatal pet keeping and caregiver-reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder through preadolescence in a United States birth cohort.BMC pediatrics · 2019Article
- Exploring latent classes to identify prenatal and early-life sources of racial disparities in allergic disease.Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology · 2019Article
- Prenatal antimicrobial use and early-childhood body mass index.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2018Article
- Burden of higher lead exposure in African-Americans starts in utero and persists into childhood.Environment international · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSeparately, prenatal antibiotics and Caesarian delivery have been found to be associated with increased risk of allergic diseases. It is not clear whether these factors may modify the effect of each other.
objectiveTo assess whether the associations between delivery types and eczema, sensitization and total IgE at age 2 years were modified by maternal use of prenatal medications.
methodsPrenatal charts of women enrolled in the WHEALS birth cohort were reviewed for delivery mode and medications prescribed and administered throughout their entire pregnancy, including systemic antibiotics and vaginally applied antifungal medications. The associations between the delivery mode and select medications and, eczema, sensitization (≥ 1 of 10 allergen-specific IgE ≥ 0.35 IU/mL) and total IgE at age 2 years were assessed.
resultsThere was a lower risk of eczema among vaginally vs. c-section born children (relative risk adjusted for race = aRR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.56, 1.05). Although not statistically significantly different, this association was stronger among the subset of children born vaginally to a mother who did not use systemic antibiotics or vaginal antifungal medications (aRR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.44, 1.08) compared to those born vaginally to mothers who used systemic antibiotics or vaginal antifungals (aRR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.57, 1.14). A protective association between vaginal birth and sensitization (aRR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.72, 1.03) was similar for those children born vaginally to a mother who did not (aRR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.69, 1.10) and who did (RR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.70, 1.04) use systemic antibiotics or vaginal antifungal medications. There were no associations with total IgE.
conclusionsChildren born vaginally had lower risk of eczema and sensitization compared with those born via c-section; however, the protective association with eczema may be slightly weakened when mothers took systemic antibiotics or vaginally applied medications during pregnancy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.