Observational studyBMC pregnancy and childbirth2014
Linkage to HIV care, postpartum depression, and HIV-related stigma in newly diagnosed pregnant women living with HIV in Kenya: a longitudinal observational study.
Observational study in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07064928 (We Are Together), which is not on this map. Cited by 50 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
We Are Together (WAT): Development and Testing of an Intervention to Reduce HIV Related Stigma Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Approaches to transitioning women into and out of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV services for continued ART: a systematic review.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Pooled it
- 'Management of a spoiled identity': systematic review of interventions to address self-stigma among people living with and affected by HIV.BMJ global health · 2019Pooled it
- Social Media and HIV: A Systematic Review of Uses of Social Media in HIV Communication.Journal of medical Internet research · 2015Pooled it
- Characterization and stratification of the correlates of postpartum depression in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review with meta-analysis.Women's health (London, England)Pooled it
- Effects of a Home-Based Intervention on HIV Prevention Health Behaviors in Pregnant/Postpartum Kenyan Women: Estimating Moderating Effects of Depressive Symptoms.AIDS and behavior · 2021Trial
- Effects of an intervention on internalized HIV-related stigma for individuals newly entering HIV care.AIDS (London, England) · 2020Trial
- The effect of male involvement and a prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) intervention on depressive symptoms in perinatal HIV-infected rural South African women.Archives of women's mental health · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Integrating depression management into HIV primary care in central Malawi: the implementation of a pilot capacity building program.BMC health services research · 2018Trial
- Long-term follow-up of HIV seroconverters in microbicide trials - rationale, study design, and challenges in MTN-015.HIV clinical trials · 2016Trial
- Cost-Effectiveness and Impact of Depression Treatment Implementation on HIV Outcomes in Western Kenya: A Mathematical Modelling Study.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Article
- How has mental health impacted the HIV epidemic and how has the HIV epidemic impacted mental health in Western Kenya? A mathematical modelling study.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- HIV-Related Stigmatization of Thai Women Living with HIV during Pregnancy and Post-natal Period.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Experienced and anticipated HIV-related stigma and depression among pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana: the role of internalized HIV stigma.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The association of HIV-related stigma and psychosocial factors and HIV treatment outcomes among people living with HIV in the Volta region of Ghana: A mixed-methods study.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Experiences of Stigmatization and Discrimination in Accessing Health Care Services Among People Living with HIV (PLHIV) in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
- The feasibility and acceptability of a task-shifted intervention for perinatal depression among women living with HIV in Malawi: a qualitative analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
- Stress, coping and the acceptability of mindfulness skills among pregnant and parenting women living with HIV in the United States: A focus group study.Health & social care in the community · 2022Article
- Stigmatization and Social Support of Pregnant Women With HIV or Syphilis in Eastern China: A Mixed-Method Study.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- The pregnancy factor: the prevalence of depression among women living with HIV enrolled in the African Cohort Study (AFRICOS) by pregnancy status.Archives of women's mental health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWhile studies have suggested that depression and HIV-related stigma may impede access to care, a growing body of literature also suggests that access to HIV care itself may help to decrease internalized HIV-related stigma and symptoms of depression in the general population of persons living with HIV. However, this has not been investigated in postpartum women living with HIV. Furthermore, linkage to care itself may have additional impacts on postpartum depression beyond the effects of antiretroviral therapy. We examined associations between linkage to HIV care, postpartum depression, and internalized stigma in a population with a high risk of depression: newly diagnosed HIV-positive pregnant women.
methodsIn this prospective observational study, data were obtained from 135 HIV-positive women from eight antenatal clinics in the rural Nyanza Province of Kenya at their first antenatal visit (prior to testing HIV-positive for the first time) and subsequently at 6 weeks after giving birth.
resultsAt 6 weeks postpartum, women who had not linked to HIV care after testing positive at their first antenatal visit had higher levels of depression and internalized stigma, compared to women who had linked to care. Internalized stigma mediated the effect of linkage to care on depression. Furthermore, participants who had both linked to HIV care and initiated antiretroviral therapy reported the lowest levels of depressive symptoms.
conclusionsThese results provide further support for current efforts to ensure that women who are newly diagnosed with HIV during pregnancy become linked to HIV care as early as possible, with important benefits for both physical and mental health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.