Trial reportPsychoneuroendocrinology2015
Sex differences in acute hormonal and subjective response to naltrexone: The impact of menstrual cycle phase.
Trial report in Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of Alcohol Use Disorder Pharmacotherapies by Sex: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Drug and alcohol review · 2026Pooled it
- A meta-regression of methodological features that predict the effects of medications on the subjective response to alcohol.Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research · 2021Pooled it
- Higher Circulating Cortisol in the Follicular vs. Luteal Phase of the Menstrual Cycle: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Pooled it
- Can neuroimaging help combat the opioid epidemic? A systematic review of clinical and pharmacological challenge fMRI studies with recommendations for future research.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2019Pooled it
- A gender-based secondary analysis of the ADAPT-2 combination naltrexone and bupropion treatment for methamphetamine use disorder trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2023Trial
- The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Hormones on Responses to Varenicline and Naltrexone Among Female Heavy Drinking Smokers.Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) · 2022Trial
- A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Naltrexone for Heavy-Drinking Smokers Seeking Smoking Cessation Treatment.Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Median effective dose and 95% effective dose of oliceridine combined with ciprofol for painless gastroscopy: a dose-finding study based on Dixon's up-and-down method.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Gender- and sex-sensitive psychopharmacotherapy of alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Relationship between biological sex and the endocrine stress response following a binge-like dose of alcohol.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2025Article
- The Role of Estrogen Signaling and Exercise in Drug Abuse: A Review.Clinics and practice · 2024Article
- Estradiol and Mu opioid-mediated reward: The role of estrogen receptors in opioid use.Addiction neuroscience · 2023Article
- Determining menstrual cycle phase: An empirical examination of methodologies and recommendations for improvement in behavioral and brain sciences.Hormones and behavior · 2023Article
- Estradiol Enhances the Development of Addiction-Like Features in a Female Rat Model of Opioid Use Disorder.Neuroendocrinology · 2023Article
- Modulation of morphine physical dependence and discriminative stimulus effects by ovarian hormones: Role of estradiol.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2022Article
- A Scoping Review of Gender, Sex and Sexuality Differences in Polysubstance Use in Adolescents and Adults.Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) · 2022Article
- Pharmacological investigations of effort-based decision-making in humans: Naltrexone and nicotine.PloS one · 2022Article
- Sex- and Gender-Based Pharmacological Response to Drugs.Pharmacological reviews · 2021Article
- Neuroendocrine effects of naltrexone versus nalmefene in humans.Human psychopharmacology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Women often exhibit larger hormonal and subjective responses to opioid receptor antagonists than men, but the biological mechanisms mediating this effect remain unclear. Among women, fluctuations in estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) across the menstrual cycle (MC) affect the endogenous opioid system. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to compare acute naltrexone response between women in the early follicular phase of the MC (low E2 and P4), women in the luteal phase of the MC (high E2 and P4), and men. Seventy healthy controls (n=46 women) participated in two morning sessions in which they received 50mg naltrexone or placebo in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Women were randomized to complete both sessions in either the early follicular (n=23) or luteal phase of the MC. Serum cortisol, salivary cortisol, prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and subjective response were assessed upon arrival to the laboratory and at regular intervals after pill administration. In luteal and early follicular women but not men, naltrexone (vs. placebo) increased serum cortisol and prolactin levels from baseline; however, the naltrexone-induced increases in these hormones were significantly greater in luteal women than early follicular women. Additionally, only luteal women demonstrated an increase from baseline in salivary cortisol levels and the severity of adverse drug effects in response to naltrexone. In sum, the results indicate that luteal phase women are more sensitive to acute hormonal and subjective effects of naltrexone than early follicular women and men. These findings may have important implications for the use of naltrexone in women.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.