ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014
Speciation with gene flow in equids despite extensive chromosomal plasticity.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers.
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91 citing papers in PubMed, 232 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative genomic analysis of oxytocin and oxytocin receptor genes in the family Equidae.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Phased T2T horse and donkey assemblies from a mule reveal peculiar equid centromere evolution.Cell genomics · 2026Article
- On the Causes of Correlated Genomic Ancestry Across Contrasting Hybridization Histories in a Monkeyflower Species Pair.Molecular ecology · 2026Article
- Unconventional centromere architectures in Tapirus indicus reveal hotspots for satellite-free centromere formation in Perissodactyla.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Herbaria provide a valuable resource for obtaining informative mRNA.Genome research · 2026Article
- On the causes of correlated genomic ancestry across contrasting hybridization histories in a monkeyflower species pair.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial DNA reveals high maternal diversity within a weak breed structure in native Kazakhstani horses.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Article
- Equine Infectious Anemia Virus in Equids: A Large-Scale Serosurvey in Western Europe.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- A unified catalog of 14,062 microbial species reference genomes provides new insight into the gut microbiota in high-altitude mammals.Microbiome · 2025Article
- Early transatlantic movement of horses and donkeys at Jamestown.Science advances · 2025Article
- CENP-A and centromere evolution in equids.Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology · 2025Review
- Equus mitochondrial pangenome reveals independent domestication imprints in donkeys and horses.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- CENP-A/CENP-B uncoupling in the evolutionary reshuffling of centromeres in equids.Genome biology · 2025Article
- Tibetan wild ass,Journal of equine science · 2025Review
- Major patterns in the introgression history ofeLife · 2023Article
- Trio-binning of a hinny refines the comparative organization of the horse and donkey X chromosomes and reveals novel species-specific features.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Historical RNA expression profiles from the extinct Tasmanian tiger.Genome research · 2023Article
- Reprogramming efficiency and pluripotency of mule iPSCs over its parents†.Biology of reproduction · 2023Article
- Review
- A Satellite-Free Centromere inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 9 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Horses, asses, and zebras belong to a single genus, Equus, which emerged 4.0-4.5 Mya. Although the equine fossil record represents a textbook example of evolution, the succession of events that gave rise to the diversity of species existing today remains unclear. Here we present six genomes from each living species of asses and zebras. This completes the set of genomes available for all extant species in the genus, which was hitherto represented only by the horse and the domestic donkey. In addition, we used a museum specimen to characterize the genome of the quagga zebra, which was driven to extinction in the early 1900s. We scan the genomes for lineage-specific adaptations and identify 48 genes that have evolved under positive selection and are involved in olfaction, immune response, development, locomotion, and behavior. Our extensive genome dataset reveals a highly dynamic demographic history with synchronous expansions and collapses on different continents during the last 400 ky after major climatic events. We show that the earliest speciation occurred with gene flow in Northern America, and that the ancestor of present-day asses and zebras dispersed into the Old World 2.1-3.4 Mya. Strikingly, we also find evidence for gene flow involving three contemporary equine species despite chromosomal numbers varying from 16 pairs to 31 pairs. These findings challenge the claim that the accumulation of chromosomal rearrangements drive complete reproductive isolation, and promote equids as a fundamental model for understanding the interplay between chromosomal structure, gene flow, and, ultimately, speciation.
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