ArticleDifferentiation; research in biological diversity
Prenatal diethylstilbestrol induces malformation of the external genitalia of male and female mice and persistent second-generation developmental abnormalities of the external genitalia in two mouse strains.
Article in Differentiation; research in biological diversity. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Revisiting the dual role of androgens and oestrogens in mammalian sex differentiation with a focus on genitalia.Nature reviews. Urology · 2026Review
- Androgen receptor antagonist flutamide modulates estrogen receptor alpha expression in distinct regions of the hypospadiac rat penis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- The past and future of "sex genes".Medizinische Genetik : Mitteilungsblatt des Berufsverbandes Medizinische Genetik e.V · 2023Article
- Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol has long-lasting, transgenerational impacts on fertility and reproductive development.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2023Article
- Are the Effects of DES Over? A Tragic Lesson from the Past.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the pathogenesis of hypospadias; developmental and toxicological perspectives.Current research in toxicology · 2021Review
- Exogenous Oestrogen Impacts Cell Fate Decision in the Developing Gonads: A Potential Cause of Declining Human Reproductive Health.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Atrazine induces penis abnormalities including hypospadias in mice.Journal of developmental origins of health and disease · 2020Article
- A critical role for estrogen signaling in penis development.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2019Article
- Mouse hypospadias: A critical examination and definition.Differentiation; research in biological diversity · 2016Article
- Environmental endocrine disruptors: Effects on the human male reproductive system.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2015Review
- Current understanding of hypospadias: relevance of animal models.Nature reviews. Urology · 2015Review
- Androgen and estrogen receptor expression in the developing human penis and clitoris.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Diethylstilbestrol-induced mouse hypospadias: "window of susceptibility".Differentiation; research in biological diversityReview
- Renal Subcapsular xenografing of human fetal external genital tissue - A new model for investigating urethral development.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Immunohistochemical expression analysis of the human fetal lower urogenital tract.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Reproductive tract biology: Of mice and men.Differentiation; research in biological diversityReview
- Development of the human prepuce and its innervation.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Comparative effects of neonatal diethylstilbestrol on external genitalia development in adult males of two mouse strains with differential estrogen sensitivity.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Estrogens and development of the mouse and human external genitalia.Differentiation; research in biological diversityReview
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9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
Potential trans-generational influence of diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure emerged with reports of effects in grandchildren of DES-treated pregnant women and of reproductive tract tumors in offspring of mice exposed in utero to DES. Accordingly, we examined the trans-generational influence of DES on development of external genitalia (ExG) and compared effects of in utero DES exposure in CD-1 and C57BL/6 mice injected with oil or DES every other day from gestational days 12 to 18. Mice were examined at birth, and on 5-120 days postnatal to evaluate ExG malformations. Of 23 adult (>60 days) prenatally DES-exposed males, features indicative of urethral meatal hypospadias (see text for definitions) ranged from 18% to 100% in prenatally DES-exposed CD-1 males and 31% to 100% in prenatally DES-exposed C57BL/6 males. Thus, the strains differed only slightly in the incidence of male urethral hypospadias. Ninety-one percent of DES-exposed CD-1 females and 100% of DES-exposed C57BL/6 females had urethral-vaginal fistula. All DES-exposed CD-1 and C57BL/6 females lacked an os clitoris. None of the prenatally oil-treated CD-1 and C57BL/6 male and female mice had ExG malformations. For the second-generation study, 10 adult CD-1 males and females, from oil- and DES-exposed groups, respectively, were paired with untreated CD-1 mice for 30 days, and their offspring evaluated for ExG malformations. None of the F1 DES-treated females were fertile. Nine of 10 prenatally DES-exposed CD-1 males sired offspring with untreated females, producing 55 male and 42 female pups. Of the F2 DES-lineage adult males, 20% had exposed urethral flaps, a criterion of urethral meatal hypospadias. Five of 42 (11.9%) F2 DES lineage females had urethral-vaginal fistula. In contrast, all F2 oil-lineage males and all oil-lineage females were normal. Thus, prenatal DES exposure induces malformations of ExG in both sexes and strains of mice, and certain malformations are transmitted to the second-generation.
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