Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25442365›Full record

Observational studyWomen's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health

Understanding disparities in lipid management among patients with type 2 diabetes: gender differences in medication nonadherence after treatment intensification.

John Billimek, Shaista Malik, Dara H Sorkin, Priel Schmalbach, Quyen Ngo-Metzger, Sheldon Greenfield, Sherrie H Kaplan

Open access · greenAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
3.0field-weighted citation impact, top 9% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Challenges in Optimizing Lipid Management in Women.Cardiovascular drugs and therapy · 2022
    Review
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. The Mediating Role of Diabetes Distress and Depressive Symptoms in Type 2 Diabetes Medication Adherence Gender Differences.Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education · 2020
    Article
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

John BillimekHealth Policy Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California. Electronic address: jbillime@uci.edu.
Shaista MalikDivision of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California.
Dara H SorkinHealth Policy Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California.
Priel SchmalbachSchool of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, California; School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California.
Quyen Ngo-MetzgerHealth Policy Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California.
Sheldon GreenfieldHealth Policy Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California.
Sherrie H KaplanHealth Policy Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California.
University of California, Irvine · US

Funding

Reducing Diabetes Disparities Using Community CoachesR18DK069846 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-IRVINE · PI GREENFIELD, SHELDON · 2007 to 2011
$2.6M
Using Social Ties To Reduce Disparities: The Coached Care For Diabetes ProgramK01DK078939 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-IRVINE · PI SORKIN, DARA H. · 2008 to 2011
$578k
NIDDK NIH HHS K01 DK078939NIDDK NIH HHS K01DK078939NIDDK NIH HHS R18 DK069846NIDDK NIH HHS R18DK69846NIMHD NIH HHS L60 MD003725
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGender differences in dyslipidemia are widely documented, but the contributors to these differences are not well understood. This study examines whether differences in quality of care, intensity of lipid-lowering medication regimen, and medication adherence can explain this disparity.

methodsSecondary analysis of medical records data and questionnaires collected from adult patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 1,369) from seven outpatient clinics affiliated with an academic medical center as part of the Reducing Racial Disparities in Diabetes: Coached Care (R2D2C2) study. Primary outcome was low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.

findingsWomen had higher LDL cholesterol levels than men (mean [SD], 101.2 [35.2] vs. 92.3 [33.0] mg/dL; p < .001), but were no less likely to receive recommended processes of diabetes care, to attain targets for glycemic control and blood pressure, or to be on intensive medication regimens. More women than men reported medication nonadherence related to cost (32.7% vs. 24.2%; p = .040) and related to side effects (47.2% vs. 36.8%; p = .024). For all patients, regimen intensity (p < .05) and nonadherence related to side effects (p < .01) were each associated with higher LDL cholesterol levels. The addition of a new lipid-lowering agent was associated with subsequent nonadherence related to side effects for women (p < .001), but not for men (p = .45; test for interaction p = .048).

conclusionsDespite comparable quality of diabetes care and regimen intensity for lipid management, women with diabetes experienced poorer lipid control than men. Medication nonadherence seemed to be a major contributor to dyslipidemia, particularly for women because of side effects associated with intensifying the lipid-lowering regimen.

Indexed as

Quality of Health CareAdultAgedAnticholesteremic AgentsBlood GlucoseCholesterol, HDLCholesterol, LDLCross-Sectional StudiesDiabetes ComplicationsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2FemaleHispanic or LatinoHumansHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase InhibitorsHyperlipidemiasHypertensionAnticholesteremic AgentsBlood GlucoseCholesterol, HDLCholesterol, LDLHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

Identifiers

PMID25442365
PMCPMC4275363
OpenAlexW2005152916

What OpenQuestion holds

Texttitle and abstract
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.