ArticleLancet (London, England)2014
The extant World War 1 dysentery bacillus NCTC1: a genomic analysis.
Article in Lancet (London, England), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genomic resistance in historical clinical isolates increased in frequency and mobility after the age of antibiotics.Microbial genomics · 2025Article
- Genomic resistance in historical clinical isolates increased in frequency and mobility after the age of antibiotics.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- NCTC3000: a century of bacterial strain collecting leads to a rich genomic data resource.Microbial genomics · 2023Article
- Magnetic Separation and Centri-Chronoamperometric Detection of Foodborne Bacteria Using Antibiotic-Coated Metallic Nanoparticles.Biosensors · 2021Article
- Epidemic and molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella dysenteriae 1 isolates from calves with diarrhea.BMC microbiology · 2021Article
- Genomics ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Looking Backward To Move Forward: the Utility of Sequencing Historical Bacterial Genomes.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2019Review
- The history, genome and biology of NCTC 30: a non-pandemic Vibrio cholerae isolate from World War One.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2019Article
- Genome Analysis of Shigella flexneri Serotype 3b Strain SFL1520 Reveals Significant Horizontal Gene Acquisitions Including a Multidrug Resistance Cassette.Genome biology and evolution · 2019Article
- Genomic epidemiology of Shigella in the United Kingdom shows transmission of pathogen sublineages and determinants of antimicrobial resistance.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- A Brief History ofEcoSal Plus · 2018Review
- Bacteriophages are the major drivers of Shigella flexneri serotype 1c genome plasticity: a complete genome analysis.BMC genomics · 2017Article
- Epidemic characterization and molecular genotyping ofAntimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2017Article
- The Murray collection of pre-antibiotic era Enterobacteriacae: a unique research resource.Genome medicine · 2015Article
- Article
- Draft Genome Sequence of 24570, the Type Strain of Shigella flexneri.Genome announcements · 2015Article
- Distinct mutations led to inactivation of type 1 fimbriae expression in Shigella spp.PloS one · 2015Article
- Draft genomes of Shigella strains used by the STOPENTERICS consortium.Gut pathogens · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundShigellosis (previously bacillary dysentery) was the primary diarrhoeal disease of World War 1, but outbreaks still occur in military operations, and shigellosis causes hundreds of thousands of deaths per year in developing nations. We aimed to generate a high-quality reference genome of the historical Shigella flexneri isolate NCTC1 and to examine the isolate for resistance to antimicrobials.
methodsIn this genomic analysis, we sequenced the oldest extant Shigella flexneri serotype 2a isolate using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology. Isolated from a soldier with dysentery from the British forces fighting on the Western Front in World War 1, this bacterium, NCTC1, was the first isolate accessioned into the National Collection of Type Cultures. We created a reference sequence for NCTC1, investigated the isolate for antimicrobial resistance, and undertook comparative genetics with S flexneri reference strains isolated during the 100 years since World War 1.
findingsWe discovered that NCTC1 belonged to a 2a lineage of S flexneri, with which it shares common characteristics and a large core genome. NCTC1 was resistant to penicillin and erythromycin, and contained a complement of chromosomal antimicrobial resistance genes similar to that of more recent isolates. Genomic islands gained in the S flexneri 2a lineage over time were predominately associated with additional antimicrobial resistances, virulence, and serotype conversion.
interpretationThis S flexneri 2a lineage is a well adapted pathogen that has continued to respond to selective pressures. We have created a valuable historical benchmark for shigellae in the form of a high-quality reference sequence for a publicly available isolate.
fundingThe Wellcome Trust.
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