ReviewPathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2014
The Natural Antimicrobial Enzyme Lysozyme is Up-Regulated in Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Conditions.
Review in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Paneth Cells: Recent Updates on Elucidating Therapeutic Implications in Gastroenterological Disease Management.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Pooled it
- Perioperative anti-α4β7 Integrin Blockade Alters Wound Cell Infiltrate but Not the Functional Outcome of Ileocecal Anastomoses in Mice With Crohn's-like Ileitis.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2025Article
- Dissecting Microscopic Colitis Immunopathophysiology: Insights From Basic Research.United European gastroenterology journal · 2025Review
- Comparative Electrophoretic Analysis Between the Protein Content in Human and Donkey Milk Samples-A Study Covering the Long-Term Lactation Period.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Quantifying the intra- and inter-species community interactions in microbiomes by dynamic covariance mapping.Nature communications · 2025Article
- From in vitro development to accessible luminal interface of neonatal bovine-derived intestinal organoids.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Preliminary exploration of mRNA, lncRNA, and miRNA expressions in the bovine jejunum unveils novel aspects of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Host-microbiota interactions in the infant gut revealed by daily faecal sample time series.Microbiome research reports · 2025Article
- Optimization ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Effects ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Vasoactive intestinal peptide promotes secretory differentiation and mitigates radiation-induced intestinal injury.Stem cell research & therapy · 2024Article
- Healthy Effects of Milk and Dairy Product Consumption in the Mediterranean Area and Japan.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2024Review
- Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment.Drug design, development and therapy · 2024Review
- Exploring the Interplay between Nutrients, Bacteriophages, and Bacterial Lipases in Host- and Bacteria-mediated Pathogenesis.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2024Article
- Using LLMs and Explainable ML to Analyze Biomarkers at Single-Cell Level for Improved Understanding of Diseases.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Oral administration of heat-inactivatedFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Human milk immunomodulatory proteins are related to development of infant body composition during the first year of lactation.Pediatric research · 2021Observational
- Article
- Effect of nisin and lysozyme on bacteriological and sensorial quality of pasteurized milk.Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research · 2019Article
- Identification of potential biomarkers of lung adenocarcinoma brain metastases via microarray analysis of cDNA expression profiles.Oncology letters · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The cells that line the mucosa of the human gastrointestinal tract (GI, that is, oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum) are constantly challenged by adverse micro-environmental factors, such as different pH, enzymes, and bacterial flora. With exception of the oral cavity, these microenvironments also contain remnant cocktails of secreted enzymes and bacteria from upper organs along the tract. The density of the GI bacteria varies, from 103/mL near the gastric outlet, to 1010/mL at the ileocecal valve, to 1011 to 1012/mL in the colon. The total microbial population (ca. 1014) exceeds the total number of cells in the tract. It is, therefore, remarkable that despite the prima facie inauspicious mixture of harmful secretions and bacteria, the normal GI mucosa retains a healthy state of cell renewal. To counteract the hostile microenvironment, the GI epithelia react by speeding cell exfoliation (the GI mucosa has a turnover time of two to three days), by increasing peristalsis, by eliminating bacteria through secretion of plasma cell-immunoglobulins and by increasing production of natural antibacterial compounds, such as defensin-5 and lysozyme. Only recently, lysozyme was found up-regulated in Barrett's oesophagitis, chronic gastritis, gluten-induced atrophic duodenitis (coeliac disease), collagenous colitis, lymphocytic colitis, and Crohn's colitis. This up-regulation is a response directed to the special types of bacteria recently detected in these diseases. The aim of lysozyme up-regulation is to protect individual mucosal segments to chronic inflammation. The molecular mechanisms connected to the crosstalk between the intraluminal bacterial flora and the production of lysozyme released by the GI mucosae, are discussed. Bacterial resistance continues to exhaust our supply of commercial antibiotics. The potential use of lysozyme to treat infectious diseases is receiving much attention.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.