ArticleJAMA neurology2015
Investigations on CXCL13 in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a potential biomarker of treatment response.
Article in JAMA neurology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 103 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 170 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Cytokine/chemokine levels in the CSF and serum of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Diagnosing autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatry: clinical recommendations and unresolved challenges from the GENERATE network.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Associated with Ovarian Teratoma: A Comprehensive Review.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- The cascade to pathogenicity in autoantibody-mediated CNS diseases.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Kappa Free Light Chain for Diagnosis and Neurofilament Light Chain for Prognosis in Autoimmune Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Observational
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles in Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Cross-sectional Study.Annals of neurosciences · 2026Article
- Development and validation of the NEOS2 score for prediction of long-term outcomes and improvement after first-line immunotherapy in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis: an international cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Clinical and immunological correlates of elevated age-adjusted QAlb in anti-NMDAR encephalitis.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) levels for viral and autoimmune encephalitis.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2026Article
- The role of CSF IL-6 levels in diagnosis and outcome prediction of autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Immunopathological mechanisms in autoimmune encephalitis: from pathogenesis to targeted therapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles in Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis: Markers of Severity and Outcome.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Altered tyrosine metabolism and B lymphocyte profiles are associated with disease severity in pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a cross-sectional study.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Cytokine, Chemokine, and Neurofilament Light Chain Signatures in LGI1 Autoimmune Encephalitis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- Elevated Release of Presynaptic Glutamate: The Potential Pathogenesis of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis-Associated Seizures.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Article
- Autoimmune encephalitis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Relapses in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis: Clinical Characterization and Predictive Features.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Observational
- Cerebrospinal fluid protein profiling of inflammatory and neurobiological markers in Lyme neuroborreliosis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 9 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
importanceAnti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a severe but treatable autoimmune encephalitis affecting mainly young adults and children. The lack of suitable biomarkers of disease activity makes treatment decisions and identification of relapses challenging.
objectiveTo determine the levels of the B-cell-attracting C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13) in serum samples and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and whether they can be used as biomarkers of treatment response and outcome. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND
participantsRetrospective cohort study of 167 patients consecutively diagnosed as having anti-NMDAR encephalitis between May 1, 2008, and January 31, 2013. Concentration of CXCL13 was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in all available patients' samples (272 CSF and 55 serum samples). Samples from 25 patients with noninflammatory neurological disorders and 9 with neuroborreliosis served as controls. Expression of CXCL13 in the brain biopsy of a patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis was determined by immunohistochemistry. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Percentage of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and elevated CXCL13 in CSF.
resultsCompared with control individuals, 70% of patients with early-stage anti-NMDAR encephalitis had increased CXCL13 in CSF (>7 pg/mL; P < .001) but none in serum samples (>1047 pg/mL; P > .99). High concentration of CSF CXCL13 was associated with the presence of prodromal fever or headache (P = .01), limited response to therapy (P = .003), clinical relapses (P = .03), and intrathecal NMDAR-antibody synthesis (P < .001). Among patients with monophasic disease assessed 2 to 6 months after starting treatment, 10 of 15 with limited treatment response vs 0 of 13 with favorable response had increased CSF CXCL13 (specificity, 100%; 95% CI, 75-100 and sensitivity, 67%; 95% CI, 38-88; P = .02). Six of 12 patients had elevated CSF CXCL13 at relapse including 3 with previously normal levels. In brain, abundant mononuclear cells in perivascular infiltrates and scattered intraparenchymal microglia expressed CXCL13. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Seventy percent of patients with early-stage anti-NMDAR encephalitis had increased CSF CXCL13 concentration that correlated with intrathecal NMDAR-antibody synthesis. Prolonged or secondary elevation of CXCL13 was associated with limited response to treatment and relapses. CXCL13 is a potentially useful biomarker of treatment response and outcome in anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.