ReviewPathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2013
Immune evasion, immunopathology and the regulation of the immune system.
Review in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Manipulation of host response and trajectory of parasite survival: A damage-response framework perspective.Virulence · 2026Review
- Breaking barriers: how cytomegaloviruses manipulate myeloid cells to invade tissues.EMBO reports · 2026Review
- Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of Nutritional Immunity.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Pathogens without borders: a review on cross-kingdom transmission strategies and pathogenicity of plant and human pathogens.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Mechanisms of Immune Evasion in HIV-1: The Role of Virus-Host Protein Interactions.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Artificial intelligence and machine learning in the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics-yesterday, today, and tomorrow.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2025Review
- Artificial Intelligence Methods in Infection Biology Research.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Article
- CXCR5 and TIM-3 expressions define distinct exhausted T cell subsets in experimental cutaneous infection withFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Comprehensive bioinformatics analyses reveal immune genes responsible for altered immune microenvironment in intervertebral disc degeneration.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2022Article
- Pathological and immunological evaluation of different regimens of praziquantel treatment in a mouse model of Schistosoma mansoni infection.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- A meta-analysis of impacts of immune response and infection on oxidative status in vertebrates.Conservation physiology · 2022Article
- Primate innate immune responses to bacterial and viral pathogens reveals an evolutionary trade-off between strength and specificity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Pathobiology and first report of larval nematodes (Ascaridomorpha sp.) infecting freshwater mussels (International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2019Article
- Comparative Pathobiology of the Intestinal Protozoan ParasitesPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- Mapping of the complement C1q binding site on Trichinella spiralis paramyosin.Parasites & vectors · 2018Article
- Immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants: effector cell mechanisms and cytokines.Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2018Review
- Phosphocholine-Modified Lipooligosaccharides ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Article
- Macrophage Transactivation for Chemokine Production Identified as a Negative Regulator of Granulomatous Inflammation Using Agent-Based Modeling.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- The Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1 Alpha (eEF1α) from the Parasite Leishmania infantum Is Modified with the Immunomodulatory Substituent Phosphorylcholine (PC).Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Costs and benefits of the immune response have attracted considerable attention in the last years among evolutionary biologists. Given the cost of parasitism, natural selection should favor individuals with the most effective immune defenses. Nevertheless, there exists huge variation in the expression of immune effectors among individuals. To explain this apparent paradox, it has been suggested that an over-reactive immune system might be too costly, both in terms of metabolic resources and risks of immune-mediated diseases, setting a limit to the investment into immune defenses. Here, we argue that this view neglects one important aspect of the interaction: the role played by evolving pathogens. We suggest that taking into account the co-evolutionary interactions between the host immune system and the parasitic strategies to overcome the immune response might provide a better picture of the selective pressures that shape the evolution of immune functioning. Integrating parasitic strategies of host exploitation can also contribute to understand the seemingly contradictory results that infection can enhance, but also protect from, autoimmune diseases. In the last decades, the incidence of autoimmune disorders has dramatically increased in wealthy countries of the northern hemisphere with a concomitant decrease of most parasitic infections. Experimental work on model organisms has shown that this pattern may be due to the protective role of certain parasites (i.e., helminths) that rely on the immunosuppression of hosts for their persistence. Interestingly, although parasite-induced immunosuppression can protect against autoimmunity, it can obviously favor the spread of other infections. Therefore, we need to think about the evolution of the immune system using a multidimensional trade-off involving immunoprotection, immunopathology and the parasitic strategies to escape the immune response.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.