Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25436105›Full record

ReviewTherapeutic advances in drug safety2014

Antimicrobial resistance: risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem.

Carl Llor, Lars Bjerrum

2 registry-linked trialsOpen access · bronzeAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Therapeutic advances in drug safety, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 865 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
865citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
27.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05027893 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2019, after this paper: background citation

Efficacy of the Application of Moxifloxacin and Cefixime in Reduction of Inflammatory Sequelae and Complications After Mandibular Third Molar Surgery

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of Novi SadRan2019 to 2023Enrolled157ConditionsPostoperative Complications, Antibiotic Reaction, Antibiotic Side Effect, Antibiotic Resistant InfectionArmsMoxifloxacin 400 mg Oral Tablet, Cefixime 400 mg Oral Tablet, Placebo
NCT07167173 not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Predictive Model for Multidrug Resistance in Patients Admitted to the Emergency Department With Sepsis

TypeobservationalSponsorHospital Italiano de Buenos AiresRan2025 to 2025Enrolled10,000ConditionsSepsis, Septic Shock
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

865 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 2,027 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  7. Audit and Feedback Interventions for Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025
    Pooled it
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  20. Giving Antibiotics a Second Chance: Evolutionary Trade-Offs and Phage-Driven Restoration of Antibiotic Susceptibility.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026
    Review

805 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Carl LlorSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, 5th Floor Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
Lars BjerrumSection of General Practice and Research Unit for General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Cardiff University · GBUniversity of Copenhagen · DK

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health challenge, which has accelerated by the overuse of antibiotics worldwide. Increased antimicrobial resistance is the cause of severe infections, complications, longer hospital stays and increased mortality. Overprescribing of antibiotics is associated with an increased risk of adverse effects, more frequent re-attendance and increased medicalization of self-limiting conditions. Antibiotic overprescribing is a particular problem in primary care, where viruses cause most infections. About 90% of all antibiotic prescriptions are issued by general practitioners, and respiratory tract infections are the leading reason for prescribing. Multifaceted interventions to reduce overuse of antibiotics have been found to be effective and better than single initiatives. Interventions should encompass the enforcement of the policy of prohibiting the over-the-counter sale of antibiotics, the use of antimicrobial stewardship programmes, the active participation of clinicians in audits, the utilization of valid rapid point-of-care tests, the promotion of delayed antibiotic prescribing strategies, the enhancement of communication skills with patients with the aid of information brochures and the performance of more pragmatic studies in primary care with outcomes that are of clinicians' interest, such as complications and clinical outcomes.

Indexed as

Antibiotic resistancepoint-of-care testsprimary carerational use of antibioticsstrategies

Identifiers

PMID25436105
PMCPMC4232501
OpenAlexW2119561943

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.