ArticleToxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology2015
In vitro exposure to the herbicide atrazine inhibits T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production and significantly increases the frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells.
Article in Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Imbalance of human CD4Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- The ENDOMIX perspective: how everyday chemical mixtures impact human health and reproduction by targeting the immune system†.Biology of reproduction · 2024Review
- Atrazine: cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, testicular effects and chemopreventive Interventions.Frontiers in toxicology · 2023Review
- Endocrine Disruptor Compounds-A Cause of Impaired Immune Tolerance Driving Inflammatory Disorders of Pregnancy?Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Review
- AssessingBio-protocol · 2020Article
- Glycyrrhizic acid modulates the atrazine-induced apoptosis in rabbit spleen.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2019Article
- Article
- A novel mechanism underlies atrazine toxicity in quails (Coturnix Coturnix coturnix): triggering ionic disorder via disruption of ATPases.Oncotarget · 2016Article
- Effects of long-term endocrine disrupting compound exposure on Macaca mulatta embryonic stem cells.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2016Article
- Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: the challenge ahead.Carcinogenesis · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-[ethylamino]-6-[isopropylamino]-s-triazine) is the most common water contaminant in the United States. Atrazine is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and is classified as an estrogen disrupting compound because it elevates estrogen levels via induction of the enzyme aromatase. Previous studies have shown that atrazine exposure alters the function of innate immune cells such as NK cells, DC, mast cells, and macrophages. In this study we have examined the impact of in vitro atrazine exposure on the activation, proliferation, and effector cytokine production by primary murine CD4(+) T lymphocytes. We found that atrazine exposure significantly inhibited CD4(+) T cell proliferation and accumulation as well as the expression of the activation markers CD25 and CD69 in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, the effects were more pronounced in cells from male animals. These effects were partially mimicked by pharmacological reagents that elevate intracellular cAMP levels and addition of exogenous rmIL-2 further inhibited proliferation and CD25 expression. Consistent with these findings, atrazine exposure during T cell activation resulted in a 2- to 5-fold increase in the frequency of Foxp3(+) CD4(+) T cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.