ArticleThe Journal of communication2014
Are you Scared Yet?: Evaluating Fear Appeal Messages in Tweets about the Tips Campaign.
Article in The Journal of communication, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic Review on Information Technology Approaches to Evaluate the Impact of Public Health Campaigns: Real Cases and Possible Directions.Frontiers in public health · 2021Pooled it
- Methods for Coding Tobacco-Related Twitter Data: A Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2017Pooled it
- Assessing Responses to Cannabis Health Warnings Among Adults in U.S. Recreational States.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Trial
- Smokers' Likelihood to Engage With Information and Misinformation on Twitter About the Relative Harms of e-Cigarette Use: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2021Trial
- How Online Peer-to-Peer Conversation Shapes the Effects of a Message About Healthy Sleep.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2017Trial
- Perceptions of User-Generated Content as a Source of Health Messages in Smoking Cessation Mobile Interventions: Focus Group Study.JMIR human factors · 2025Article
- Advocacy and the Opioid Epidemic: Positioning Providers to Influence Policy and Improve Public Health.Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing) · 2025Article
- Effects of Fear and Humor Appeals in Public Service Announcements (PSAs) on Intentions to Purchase Medications via Social Media.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Attitudes towards the 'Shisha No Thanks' campaign video: Content analysis of Facebook comments.Tobacco induced diseases · 2022Article
- Analyzing the reach of public health campaigns based on multidimensional aspects: the case of the syphilis epidemic in Brazil.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Fear appeals to promote better health behaviors: an investigation of potential mediators.Health psychology and behavioral medicine · 2021Article
- Review of Evaluation Metrics Used in Digital and Traditional Tobacco Control Campaigns.Journal of medical Internet research · 2020Review
- 30+ years of media analysis of relevance to chronic disease: a scoping review.BMC public health · 2020Article
- An educational intervention based on the extended parallel process model to improve attitude, behavioral intention, and early breast cancer diagnosis: a randomized trial.International journal of women's health · 2019Article
- Reactions to tobacco warning labels: predictors and outcomes of adaptive and maladaptive responses.Addiction research & theory · 2019Article
- Twitter analysis of California's failed campaign to raise the state's tobacco tax by popular vote in 2012.Tobacco control · 2017Article
- Perceptions of Menthol Cigarettes Among Twitter Users: Content and Sentiment Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2017Article
- LMFAO! Humor as a Response to Fear: Decomposing Fear Control within the Extended Parallel Process Model.Journal of broadcasting & electronic media · 2017Article
- Politics, culture, and the legitimacy of disease: the case of Buerger's disease.Clinical rheumatology · 2016Review
- Measuring Exposure Opportunities: Using Exogenous Measures in Assessing Effects of Media Exposure on Smoking Outcomes.Communication methods and measures · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In March 2012, the CDC launched "Tips from Former Smokers," a $54 million national campaign featuring individuals experiencing long-term health consequences of smoking. The campaign approach was based on strong evidence that anti-tobacco ads portraying fear, graphic images, and personal testimonials are associated with attitudinal and behavior change. Yet it was also controversial; critics cited the danger that viewers might reject such intensely graphic messages. Tasked with informing this debate, our study analyzes the corpus of Tips campaign-related tweets obtained via the Twitter Firehose. We provide a novel and rigorous method for media campaign evaluation within the framework of the Extended Parallel Process Model. Among the relevant Tweets, 87% showed evidence of message acceptance, while 7% exhibited message rejection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.