ArticleOncotarget2015
PD-L1 is highly expressed in Enzalutamide resistant prostate cancer.
Article in Oncotarget, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02867345 (A Dose-escalation Phase I Trial of PD-1 Knockout Engineered T Cells for the Treatment of Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer), which is not on this map. Cited by 154 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Dose-escalation Phase I Trial of PD-1 Knockout Engineered T Cells for the Treatment of Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer
Who cites it
154 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 279 citations in OpenAlex.
- What Do We Have to Know about PD-L1 Expression in Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Literature Review. Part 3: PD-L1, Intracellular Signaling Pathways and Tumor Microenvironment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- What Do We Have to Know about PD-L1 Expression in Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Literature Review. Part 5: Epigenetic Regulation of PD-L1.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- What Do We Have to Know about PD-L1 Expression in Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Literature Review. Part 4: Experimental Treatments in Pre-Clinical Studies (Cell Lines and Mouse Models).International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pembrolizumab plus enzalutamide for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing on enzalutamide: cohorts 4 and 5 of the phase 2 KEYNOTE-199 study.Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases · 2025Trial
- Phase 2 study of neoadjuvant enzalutamide and paclitaxel for luminal androgen receptor-enriched TNBC: Trial results and insights into "ARness".Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Trial
- Pembrolizumab Plus Olaparib for Patients With Previously Treated and Biomarker-Unselected Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: The Randomized, Open-Label, Phase III KEYLYNK-010 Trial.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2023Trial
- Atezolizumab with enzalutamide versus enzalutamide alone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomized phase 3 trial.Nature medicine · 2022Trial
- Nivolumab plus ipilimumab, with or without enzalutamide, in AR-V7-expressing metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: A phase-2 nonrandomized clinical trial.The Prostate · 2021Trial
- A phase II single-arm study of pembrolizumab with enzalutamide in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing on enzalutamide alone.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Ineffectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors in prostate cancer: is it just a question of '-mabs'?The Journal of pathology · 2026Review
- Emerging Therapeutic Strategies in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer.Journal of immunotherapy and precision oncology · 2026Review
- PD-L1 Expression in Prostate Cancer: Anatomopathological Features, Methodological Pitfalls, and Therapeutic Potential.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- A novel aurora kinase molecular glue-based degrader sp-2-067 inhibits prostate cancer cell growth and alters immune profile.Investigational new drugs · 2026Article
- Genetically bio-engineered PD-L1 targeted exosomes for immunotherapy of resistant triple negative breast cancer.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Senescence‑associated IL‑33 secretion undermines sorafenib efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma via immune evasion.Oncology reports · 2025Article
- Synergistic targeting strategies for prostate cancer.Nature reviews. Urology · 2025Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Present and Future Prospectives.Biomolecules · 2025Review
94 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Efficacy of Enzalutamide (ENZ) in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients is short-lived. Immunotherapy like T cell checkpoint blockade may improve patient survival. However, when and where checkpoint molecules are expressed in CRPC and whether immune evasion is a mechanism of ENZ resistance remains unclear. Thus, we investigated whether clinically relevant immunotherapy targets, specifically PD-L1/2 , PD-1 and CTLA-4, are upregulated in ENZ resistant (ENZR) patients and in a pre-clinical model of ENZ resistance. We show for the first time that patients progressing on ENZ had significantly increased PD-L1/2+ dendritic cells (DC) in blood compared to those naïve or responding to treatment, and a high frequency of PD-1+T cells. These data supported our pre-clinical results, in which we found significantly increased circulating PD-L1/2+ DCs in mice bearing ENZR tumors compared to CRPC, and ENZR tumors expressed significantly increased levels of tumor-intrinsic PD-L1. Importantly, the expression of PD-L1 on ENZR cells, or the ability to modulate PD-L1/2+ DC frequency, was unique to ENZR cell lines and xenografts that did not show classical activation of the androgen receptor. Overall, our results suggest that ENZ resistance is associated with the strong expression of anti-PD-1 therapy targets in circulating immune cells both in patients and in a pre-clinical model that is non-AR driven. Further evaluation of the contribution of tumor vs. immune cell PD-L1 expression in progression of CRPC to anti-androgen resistance and the utility of monitoring circulating cell PD-L1 pathway activity in CRPC patients to predict responsiveness to checkpoint immunotherapy, is warranted.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.