ReviewComprehensive Physiology2014
Regulation of breathing and autonomic outflows by chemoreceptors.
Review in Comprehensive Physiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 152 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
152 citing papers in PubMed, 303 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of cold air exposure on respiratory physiology during light-to-moderate physical activity in healthy adults.Physiological reports · 2026Trial
- Acute inorganic nitrate supplementation and the hypoxic ventilatory response in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2021Trial
- Periodic breathing in healthy young adults in normobaric hypoxia equivalent to 3500 m, 4500 m, and 5500 m altitude.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2019Trial
- Inorganic nitrate supplementation attenuates peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity but does not improve cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity in older adults.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2018Trial
- Molecular changes in hypoxia-induced central neural circuits and nuclei.Medical gas research · 2026Review
- Exercise and Autonomic Cardiovascular Function-Insights From Spinal Cord-Injured Humans: A Narrative Review.Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Quantification of ventilatory control in sleep apnea: from physiological insight to computable loop gain.Sleep · 2026Review
- The Impact of Additional Respiratory Dead Space Volume Mask During Warm-Up on Skin Blood Flow and Choice Reaction Time in Cyclists: A Randomized Crossover Trial.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Know Your Nose: A Narrative Review of the Developmental and Functional Impact and Importance of the Nose, Nasal Breathing and Techniques on Health and Emotional Wellbeing.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Orexin facilitates the peripheral chemoreflex in the active phase via corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons that project to the nucleus of the solitary tract.Function (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Carbon Dioxide Inhalation-Risks for Health or Opportunity for Physical Fitness Development?Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Respiratory phase shapes brain-heart dynamics: evidence from recurrence analysis of EEG band power and heart rate.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2026Article
- Molecules, meaning, and physiology: disentangling the active ingredients of psychedelic therapeutics.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Emerging trends and clinical challenges in AI-enhanced emotion diagnosis using physiological data.Medical & biological engineering & computing · 2026Review
- Functional modulation of retrotrapezoid neurons drives fentanyl-induced respiratory depression.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2025Article
- The Crucial Interplay Between the Lungs, Brain, and Heart to Understand Epilepsy-Linked SUDEP: A Literature Review.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Glutamate stress in the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS): Impact on respiratory function and synaptic signaling in an Alzheimer's disease model.Experimental neurology · 2025Article
- Role of substantia Nigra dopaminergic neurons in respiratory modulation and limitations of levodopa in Parkinson's disease.Experimental neurology · 2025Article
- Heart rate response to transient hypoxia in patients with heart failure and Cheyne-Stokes respiration.Experimental physiology · 2025Article
- Differential effects of female aging on sympathetic blood pressure regulation at rest and during stress in humans.Physiological reports · 2025Article
92 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Lung ventilation fluctuates widely with behavior but arterial PCO2 remains stable. Under normal conditions, the chemoreflexes contribute to PaCO2 stability by producing small corrective cardiorespiratory adjustments mediated by lower brainstem circuits. Carotid body (CB) information reaches the respiratory pattern generator (RPG) via nucleus solitarius (NTS) glutamatergic neurons which also target rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) presympathetic neurons thereby raising sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). Chemoreceptors also regulate presympathetic neurons and cardiovagal preganglionic neurons indirectly via inputs from the RPG. Secondary effects of chemoreceptors on the autonomic outflows result from changes in lung stretch afferent and baroreceptor activity. Central respiratory chemosensitivity is caused by direct effects of acid on neurons and indirect effects of CO2 via astrocytes. Central respiratory chemoreceptors are not definitively identified but the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) is a particularly strong candidate. The absence of RTN likely causes severe central apneas in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Like other stressors, intense chemosensory stimuli produce arousal and activate circuits that are wake- or attention-promoting. Such pathways (e.g., locus coeruleus, raphe, and orexin system) modulate the chemoreflexes in a state-dependent manner and their activation by strong chemosensory stimuli intensifies these reflexes. In essential hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea and congestive heart failure, chronically elevated CB afferent activity contributes to raising SNA but breathing is unchanged or becomes periodic (severe CHF). Extreme CNS hypoxia produces a stereotyped cardiorespiratory response (gasping, increased SNA). The effects of these various pathologies on brainstem cardiorespiratory networks are discussed, special consideration being given to the interactions between central and peripheral chemoreflexes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.