ArticleParasites & vectors2014
Differential antibody response to the Anopheles gambiae gSG6 and cE5 salivary proteins in individuals naturally exposed to bites of malaria vectors.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Immunological surveillance using anti-gSG6-P1 IgG biomarker reveals spatio-temporal dynamics of Anopheles exposure and gaps in malaria risk assessment in the Greater Mekong Subregion.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2026Article
- A novel biomarker of human exposure to Aedes albopictus based on the Ag5-3 salivary protein from the tiger mosquito.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Antibody responses to gSG6-p1, AgSAP, and SAMSP1 following anopheline salivary exposure.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Human IgG responses to Anopheles gambiae immunogenic salivary proteins in urban and rural populations of Burkina Faso: biomarkers of exposure to malaria vector bites.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Mosquito Salivary Proteins: New Frontiers in Disease Transmission and Control.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Assessing the Feasibility of Using a Multiplex Serological Assay to Conduct Serosurveillance for Malaria Exposure in Deployed Military Personnel.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- À la carte: how mosquitoes choose their blood meals.Trends in parasitology · 2024Review
- Mosquito Salivary Antigens and Their Relationship to Dengue andPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Quantitative proteomics reveals significant variation in host responses of cattle with differing buffalo fly susceptibility.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Anopheline mosquito saliva contains bacteria that are transferred to a mammalian host through blood feeding.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Human IgG responses to the Aedes albopictus 34k2 salivary protein: analyses in Réunion Island and Bolivia confirm its suitability as marker of host exposure to the tiger mosquito.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- Assessing Prevalence and Transmission Rates of Malaria through Simultaneous Profiling of Antibody Responses againstJournal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Demographic patterns of human antibody levels to Simulium damnosum s.l. saliva in onchocerciasis-endemic areas: An indicator of exposure to vector bites.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- First evaluation of antibody responses to Culex quinquefasciatus salivary antigens as a serological biomarker of human exposure to Culex bites: A pilot study in Côte d'Ivoire.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- The Effects of A Mosquito Salivary Protein on Sporozoite Traversal of Host Cells.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Vertebrate Responses against Arthropod Salivary Proteins and Their Therapeutic Potential.Vaccines · 2021Review
- IgG antibody response against Anopheles salivary gland proteins in asymptomatic Plasmodium infections in Narino, Colombia.Malaria journal · 2020Article
- IgG Antibody Responses to theFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMosquito saliva plays crucial roles in blood feeding but also evokes in hosts an anti-saliva antibody response. The IgG response to the Anopheles gambiae salivary protein gSG6 was previously shown to be a reliable indicator of human exposure to Afrotropical malaria vectors. We analyzed here the humoral response to the salivary anti-thrombin cE5 in a group of individuals from a malaria hyperendemic area of Burkina Faso.
methodsELISA was used to measure the anti-cE5 IgG, IgG1 and IgG4 antibody levels in plasma samples collected in the village of Barkoumbilen (Burkina Faso) among individuals of the Rimaibé ethnic group. Anti-gSG6 IgG levels were also determined for comparison. Anopheles vector density in the study area was evaluated by indoor pyrethrum spray catches.
resultsThe cE5 protein was highly immunogenic and triggered in exposed individuals a relatively long-lasting antibody response, as shown by its unchanged persistence after a few months of absent or very low exposure (dry season). In addition cE5 did not induce immune tolerance, as previously suggested for the gSG6 antigen. Finally, IgG subclass analysis suggested that exposed individuals may mount a Th1-type immune response against the cE5 protein.
conclusionsThe anti-cE5 IgG response is shown here to be a sensitive indicator of human exposure to anopheline vectors and to represent an additional tool for malaria epidemiological studies. It may be especially useful in conditions of low vector density, to monitor transiently exposed individuals (i.e. travellers/workers/soldiers spending a few months in tropical Africa) and to evaluate the impact of insecticide treated nets on vector control. Moreover, the gSG6 and cE5 salivary proteins were shown to trigger in exposed individuals a strikingly different immune response with (i) gSG6 evoking a short-lived IgG response, characterized by high IgG4 levels and most likely induction of immune tolerance, and (ii) cE5 eliciting a longer-living IgG response, dominated by anti-cE5 IgG1 antibodies and not inducing tolerance mechanisms. We believe that these two antigens may represent useful reagents to further investigate the so far overlooked role of Anopheles saliva and salivary proteins in host early immune response to Plasmodium parasites.
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